RUT (Ruth)
RUT.1 • RUT.2 • RUT.3 • RUT.4
RUT.1
[RUT.1.1] It happened in the days of the judges, and there was famine in the land, and a man went from the house of bread of Judah to dwell in the fields of Moab, he and his wife and his two sons. [§]
Vayehi bimei shefot hashofetim vayhi raav baeretz vayelech ish mibeit lechem Yehudah lagur bishde Moav hu veishto veshnei banav.
'Vayehi' means 'it happened', 'bimei' means 'in the days of', 'shefot' means 'judges', 'hashofetim' means 'the judges', 'vayhi' means 'and there was', 'raav' means 'famine', 'baeretz' means 'in the land', 'vayelech' means 'and went', 'ish' means 'a man', 'mibeit' means 'from the house of', 'lechem' means 'bread', 'Yehudah' means 'Judah', 'lagur' means 'to dwell', 'bishde' means 'in the fields of', 'Moav' means 'Moab', 'hu' means 'he', 'veishto' means 'and his wife', 'veshnei' means 'and his two', 'banav' means 'sons'.
[RUT.1.2] And the name of the man is Elimelech, and the name of his wife is Naomi, and the name of his two sons is Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah; and they came into the fields of Moab, and they stayed there. [§]
ve-shem ha-ish Elimelech ve-shem ishto Naomi ve-shem shnei banav Mahlon ve-Kilyon Ephratim mi-beit lechem Yehuda va-yavo'u sdei Moab va-yihyu sham.
've-shem' means 'and name', 'ha-ish' means 'the man', 'Elimelech' is a personal name, 've-shem' again means 'and name', 'ishto' means 'his wife', 'Naomi' is a personal name, 've-shem' again means 'and name', 'shnei' means 'two', 'banav' means 'his sons', 'Mahlon' is a personal name, 've-Kilyon' means 'and Chilion' (another personal name), 'Ephratim' means 'Ephrathites' (people from Ephrath), 'mi-beit' means 'from house of', 'lechem' means 'bread' (used here for Bethlehem, 'house of bread'), 'Yehuda' means 'Judah', 'va-yavo'u' means 'and they came', 'sdei' means 'fields of', 'Moab' is a place name, 'va-yihyu' means 'and they were', 'sham' means 'there'.
[RUT.1.3] And Elimelech, a man of Naomi, died; and she remained with her two sons. [§]
Vayamat Elimelech ish Naomi vatisha'er hi ushnei baneya.
'Vayamat' means 'and died', 'Elimelech' is a proper name, 'ish' means 'a man', 'Naomi' is a proper name, 'vatisha'er' means 'and remained', 'hi' means 'she', 'ushnei' means 'and two', 'baneya' means 'her sons'.
[RUT.1.4] They took wives for them, Moabite women; the name of the first was Arpah, and the name of the second was Ruth, and they lived there for ten years. [§]
Va-yisse'u lahem nashim Moabiyot shem ha-achat Arpah ve-shem ha-shenit Rut ve-yeshvu sham ke-eshser shanim.
'Va-yisse'u' means 'and they took (brought)', 'lahem' means 'for them', 'nashim' means 'women', 'Moabiyot' means 'Moabite', 'shem' means 'the name of', 'ha-achat' means 'the first', 'Arpah' is a proper name, 've-shem' means 'and the name of', 'ha-shenit' means 'the second', 'Rut' is a proper name, 've-yeshvu' means 'and they lived', 'sham' means 'there', 'ke-eshser' means 'as ten', 'shanim' means 'years'.
[RUT.1.5] And they killed also both of them, Machlon and Kilyon, and the woman remained of her two children and of her husband. [§]
Vayamut'u gam-shnehem Machlon veKilyon vatisaher ha-isha mishnei yeladeha u-meishah.
'Vayamut'u' means 'and they killed', 'gam' means 'also', 'shnehem' means 'both of them', 'Machlon' is a proper name, 'veKilyon' means 'and Kilyon', 'vatisaher' means 'and remained', 'ha-isha' means 'the woman', 'mishnei' means 'of two', 'yeladeha' means 'her children', 'u-meishah' means 'and of her husband'.
[RUT.1.6] And she arose, and she cut it off, and she returned from the fields of Moab because she heard in the field of Moab that Yahveh had visited his people to give them bread. [§]
vatakam hi vekhalloteha vatashev misdei Moab ki shamaah bisde Moab ki pakad Yahveh et ammo latet lahem lechem.
'vatakam' means 'and she arose', 'hi' means 'she', 'vekhalloteha' means 'and she cut it off', 'vatashev' means 'and she returned', 'misdei' means 'from the fields of', 'Moab' is the proper name Moab, 'ki' means 'because' or 'that', 'shamaah' means 'she heard', 'bisde' means 'in the field of', second 'Moab' again the name Moab, second 'ki' introduces the reported speech, 'pakad' means 'visited' or 'appointed', 'Yahveh' is the literal translation of YHVH, 'et' is a direct‑object marker, 'ammo' means 'his people', 'latet' means 'to give', 'lahem' means 'to them', and 'lechem' means 'bread'.
[RUT.1.7] And she went out from the place where she had been, and her two calves with her, and they went on the road to return to the land of Judah. [§]
Vattesé min-hamakom asher hayetah sham u-shetay kaloteyha immâh vattelakhna ba-derekh lashuv el eretz Yehudah.
'Vattesé' means 'and she went out', 'min-hamakom' means 'from the place', 'asher' means 'that/which', 'hayetah' means 'was', 'sham' means 'there', 'u-shetay' means 'and two', 'kaloteyha' means 'her calves', 'immâh' means 'with her', 'vattelakhna' means 'and they went', 'ba-derekh' means 'on the road', 'lashuv' means 'to return', 'el' means 'to', 'eretz' means 'land', 'Yehudah' means 'Judah'.
[RUT.1.8] And Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, 'Go back, each of you, to the house of your mother. May Yahveh show kindness to you as you have shown it to the dead and to me.' [§]
vatoomer Naomi leshtei kalloteha lekhna shovnah isha lebeit imah yaaseh Yahveh imachem chesed kaasher asitem im hametim veimadi.
'vatoomer' means 'and she said', 'Naomi' is a personal name, 'leshtei' means 'to the two', 'kalloteha' means 'her daughters-in-law', 'lekhna' means 'go', 'shovnah' means 'back', 'isha' means 'woman', 'lebeit' means 'to the house of', 'imah' means 'her mother', 'yaaseh' means 'may (He) do', 'Yahveh' is the translation of YHWH, 'imachem' means 'with you (plural)', 'chesed' means 'kindness' or 'lovingkindness', 'kaasher' means 'as', 'asitem' means 'you have done', 'im' means 'with', 'hametim' means 'the dead', 'veimadi' means 'and with me'.
[RUT.1.9] Yahveh will give to you and will find rest a woman in her husband's house; she kissed them, she raised their voice, and she wept. [§]
Yitten Yahveh lachem u'metzena menucha isha beit ishah vatishak lahen vatisseana qolan vatevkeinah.
'Yitten' means 'will give', 'Yahveh' means 'Yahveh' (the name of God), 'lachem' means 'to you (plural)', 'u' means 'and', 'metzena' means 'will find', 'menucha' means 'rest', 'isha' means 'woman', 'beit' means 'house', 'ishah' means 'her husband', 'vatishak' means 'and she kissed', 'lahen' means 'them', 'vatisseana' means 'and she raised', 'qolan' means 'their voice', 'vatevkeinah' means 'and she wept'.
[RUT.1.10] And she said to her, "Because with you we will return to your people." [§]
vattomarna la ki itach nashuv leammech.
'vattomarna' means 'and she said', 'la' means 'to her', 'ki' means 'because' or 'for', 'itach' means 'with you', 'nashuv' means 'we will return' or 'we shall turn', 'leammech' means 'to your people'.
[RUT.1.11] And Naomi of Shobna said to her daughters, 'Why will you go with me? The rest that remains for me are children in my distress, and they will be yours as men.' [§]
va-tomer Naomi shobna benotai lamah telachna immi haod-li banim bemea ve-hayu lakhem la-anashim.
'va-tomer' means 'and she said', 'Naomi' is a personal name, 'shobna' is a place name (Shobna), 'benotai' means 'my daughters', 'lamah' means 'why', 'telachna' means 'you (feminine plural) will go', 'immi' means 'with me', 'haod-li' means 'the rest that remains for me', 'banim' means 'sons' or 'children', 'bemea' means 'in my distress' (an idiom for difficult circumstances), 've-hayu' means 'and they will be', 'lakhem' means 'to you (plural)', 'la-anashim' means 'to the men' or 'as men'.
[RUT.1.12] Return, my daughters, go, for I have grown old to be a man, for I said I have hope; also I was the night for a man, and also I have fathered sons. [§]
Shovnah benotai lekhna ki zakanti miheyot le'ish ki amarti yesh-li tikvah gam hayiti halaila le'ish vegam yaldeti vanim.
'Shovnah' means 'return' (imperative plural), 'benotai' means 'my daughters', 'lekhna' means 'go', 'ki' means 'because' or 'for', 'zakanti' means 'I have grown old', 'miheyot' means 'to become', 'le'ish' means 'a man', 'amarti' means 'I said', 'yesh-li' means 'I have', 'tikvah' means 'hope', 'gam' means 'also', 'hayiti' means 'I was', 'halaila' means 'the night', 'vegam' means 'and also', 'yaldeti' means 'I have fathered' or 'I have given birth to', 'vanim' means 'sons'. The phrase 'hayiti halaila le'ish' is an idiom suggesting 'I was the night for a man', likely meaning 'I endured the night as a man' or 'I kept watch'. The overall sense is a speaker addressing his daughters, declaring his age, hope, and that he has children.
[RUT.1.13] These, let them be humbled until they become great; these, let them be mocked for lacking a man, not my daughters, because it is very bitter to me, because the hand of Yahveh has gone out against me. [§]
Halahen t'sabbernah ad asher yigdaloo halahen te'agenah levilti heyot le'ish al benotai ki mar li meod mikem ki yatze'ah bi yad Yahveh.
'Halahen' means 'these'. 't'sabbernah' means 'let them be humbled'. 'ad' means 'until'. 'asher' means 'that which'. 'yigdaloo' means 'they become great'. 'halahen' again means 'these'. 'te'agenah' means 'let them be mocked'. 'levilti' means 'for lacking'. 'heyot' means 'being'. 'le'ish' means 'for a man'. 'al' means 'not'. 'benotai' means 'my daughters'. 'ki' means 'because'. 'mar' means 'bitter'. 'li' means 'to me'. 'meod' means 'very'. 'mikem' means 'from you'. 'ki' again 'because'. 'yatze'ah' means 'has gone out'. 'bi' means 'against me'. 'yad' means 'hand'. 'Yahveh' is the literal rendering of the divine name YHVH.
[RUT.1.14] She turned away from their voice, and she wept again, and she kissed the heel of his foot, and Ruth clung to her. [§]
Vatissenah qolan, vatibkenah od, vatishaq arfa lechamotah, verut davqah bah.
'Vatissenah' means 'and she turned away', 'qolan' means 'their voice', 'vatibkenah' means 'and she wept', 'od' means 'again', 'vatishaq' means 'and she kissed', 'arfa' means 'the heel', 'lechamotah' means 'of his foot', 'verut' means 'and Ruth', 'davqah' means 'clung', 'bah' means 'to her'.
[RUT.1.15] And she said, 'Behold, cease your oppression to her people and to her God; return after your oppression.' [§]
vatomer hineh shavah yevimtek el-ammah ve'el-eloheiha shuvi acharei yevimtek.
'vatomer' means 'and (she) said', 'hineh' means 'behold', 'shavah' means 'cease' or 'stop', 'yev i mtek' (yevimtek) is a verb form meaning 'your oppression' or 'your affliction' in the second person masculine singular, 'el-ammah' means 'to her people', 've'el-eloheiha' means 'and to her God' (literally 'her gods', here understood as the singular God of her people), 'shuvi' means 'return' (imperative), 'acharei' means 'after', and again 'yev i mtek' repeats the reference to the oppression.
[RUT.1.16] Ruth said, 'Do not strike me lest you abandon me to turn back from behind you, for to whom you go I will go, and in whatever you keep me I will stay; your people my people and your God my God.' [§]
Vatoamer Ruth al-tifgei-bi le'azveich lashuv me'acharayich ki el-asher telchi elech uba'asher talini alin ammeich ami ve'elohayich Elohai.
'Vatoamer' means 'and she said', 'Ruth' is the name of the speaker, 'al-tifgei-bi' means 'do not strike me', 'le'azveich' means 'to abandon you', 'lashuv' means 'to turn back', 'me'acharayich' means 'from behind you', 'ki' means 'for', 'el-asher' means 'to whom', 'telchi' means 'you go', 'elech' means 'I will go', 'uba'asher' means 'in whatever', 'talini' means 'you keep me', 'alin' means 'I will stay', 'ammeich' means 'your people', 'ami' means 'my people', 've'elohayich' means 'and your God', 'Elohai' means 'my God'. The names of God are rendered literally: 'Elohayich' is translated as 'your God' and 'Elohai' as 'my God' following the given guideline that 'El' = 'God' and 'Elohim' = 'the Gods'.
[RUT.1.17] When I die I will die, and there I will be buried; thus Yahveh will do for me, and thus he will add, because death separates between me and you. [§]
Ba'asher tamuti amut ve'sham ekaber koh ya'ase Yahveh li ve'koh yosif ki hamavet yaprid beyni uveinecha.
'Ba'asher' means 'when', 'tamuti' means 'I die', 'amut' means 'I will die', 've'sham' means 'and there', 'ekaber' means 'I will bury', 'koh' means 'thus', 'ya'ase' means 'will do', 'Yahveh' is the personal name of God, 'li' means 'for me', 've'koh' means 'and thus', 'yosif' means 'will add', 'ki' means 'because', 'hamavet' means 'the death', 'yapr_id' means 'will separate', 'beyni' means 'between me', 'uveinecha' means 'and between you'.
[RUT.1.18] She saw that she was determined to go with her, and she stopped speaking to her. [§]
vatre ki mitamezet hi lalechet itah vatechdal ledabber eleha.
'vatre' means 'and she saw', 'ki' means 'that' or 'because', 'mitamezet' means 'she is determined', 'hi' means 'she', 'lalechet' means 'to go' or 'to walk', 'itah' means 'with her', 'vatechdal' means 'and she stopped', 'ledabber' means 'to speak', 'eleha' means 'to her'.
[RUT.1.19] And they went, the two of them, until they came to Bethlehem; and it was as they came to Bethlehem, and the whole city was upon them, and they said, 'Is this Naomi?' [§]
Vatelachna shteyhem ad bo'ana beit lechem vayhi kevo'ana beit lechem vatehom kol ha'ir aleihen vatomar'na hazot Naomi.
'Vatelachna' means 'and they went', 'shteyhem' means 'the two of them', 'ad' means 'until', 'bo'ana' means 'they came', 'beit lechem' means 'house of bread' (Bethlehem), 'vayhi' means 'and it was', 'kevo'ana' means 'as they came', 'vatehom' means 'the whole city', 'kol ha'ir' means 'all the city', 'aleihen' means 'upon them', 'vatomar'na' means 'and they said', 'hazot' means 'this is' or 'is this', 'Naomi' is a proper name.
[RUT.1.20] And she said to them, Do not call me Naomi; call me Mara, for the Almighty is very bitter toward me. [§]
Vatomer aleihen al-tikre'na li Naomi kere'ah li Mara ki-hemar Shaddai li meod.
"Vatomer" means "and she said", "aleihen" means "to them", "al-tikre'na" means "do not call (me)", "li" means "to me", "Naomi" is a personal name meaning "pleasant", "kere'ah" means "call", "Mara" means "bitter", "ki" means "because", "hemar" means "bitter", "Shaddai" is a divine name traditionally rendered "Almighty" and here is translated literally as "the Almighty", and "meod" means "very".
[RUT.1.21] I am full, I have walked, and emptiness returned me, Yahveh, why do you call me my tender one, and Yahveh answered me, and Shaddai was evil to me. [§]
Ani meleah halakhti ve-reikam heshivani Yahveh lama tikreah li naomi vYahveh ana bi veShaddai herah li.
'Ani' means 'I', 'meleah' means 'full', 'halakhti' means 'I have walked', 've-reikam' means 'and emptiness', 'heshivani' means 'returned me', 'Yahveh' is the literal translation of YHVH, 'lama' means 'why', 'tikreah' means 'you call', 'li' means 'to me', 'naomi' means 'my tender one' (literally 'my pleasantness'), 'vYahveh' means 'and Yahveh', 'ana' means 'answered', 'bi' means 'to me', 'veShaddai' means 'and Shaddai', 'herah' means 'was evil', 'li' means 'to me'.
[RUT.1.22] And Naomi turned back, and Ruth the Moabite woman, her sister-in-law, went with her; the return from the fields of Moab, and they came to the house of bread at the beginning of the harvest of sheaves. [§]
vatashav naomi ve ruth hamoaviyah kalatah imah hashava misdey moav vehemma bau beit lechem bitchilat katsir seorim.
'vatashav' means 'and (she) turned back', 'naomi' is the name Naomi, 've' means 'and', 'ruth' is the name Ruth, 'hamoaviyah' means 'the Moabite woman', 'kalatah' means 'her sister-in-law', 'imah' means 'with her', 'hashava' means 'the return', 'misdey' means 'from the fields of', 'moav' means 'Moab', 'vehemma' means 'and they', 'bau' means 'came', 'beit' means 'house', 'lechem' means 'bread', 'bitchilat' means 'at the beginning of', 'katsir' means 'harvest', 'seorim' means 'sheaves'.
RUT.2
[RUT.2.1] And to Naomi Moidah for her husband, a man of great valor, from the family of God is king, and his name was Boaz. [§]
U le naomi moidah le'isha ish gibor chayil mimishpachat elimelach ushmo boaz.
'U' means 'and', 'le' means 'to' or 'for', 'naomi' is a proper name meaning 'pleasant', 'moidah' is a personal name derived from the word meaning 'knowledge', 'le'isha' means 'to his wife', 'ish' means 'man', 'gibor' means 'hero' or 'mighty', 'chayil' means 'strength' or 'valor', 'mimishpachat' means 'from the family of', 'elimelach' is the literal translation of the name Elimelech where 'El' = 'God' and 'melech' = 'king', so it means 'God is king', 'ushmo' means 'and his name', and 'boaz' is a proper name meaning 'swift' or 'strong'.
[RUT.2.2] Ruth the Moabite said to Naomi, 'Let me go into the field, and I will glean among the sheaves after whatever I find favor in his eyes.' And she said to her, 'Go, my daughter.' [§]
vatoomer rut ha moaviyah el naomi alekha na ha sadeh vaalketa ba shivolim achar asher emtza chen be'einav vatoomer lah lechi biti.
'vatoomer' means 'and (she) said', 'rut' means the name Ruth, 'ha moaviyah' means 'the Moabite', 'el naomi' means 'to Naomi', 'alekha na' means 'let me go', 'ha sadeh' means 'the field', 'vaalketa' means 'and (I) will glean', 'ba shivolim' means 'among the sheaves', 'achar' means 'after', 'asher' means 'that which', 'emtza' means 'I find', 'chen' means 'favor', 'be'einav' means 'in his eyes', 'vatoomer' means 'and (she) said', 'lah' means 'to her', 'lechi' means 'go', 'biti' means 'my daughter'.
[RUT.2.3] And she went, and she returned, and she harvested in the field after the harvesters, and she gave from its portion the share of the field to Boaz who is from the family of my God is king. [§]
Va-telach ve-tavoh ve-tilaket ba-sade acharei ha-kotzrim va-yiker mikrehah chelkat ha-sade le-voaz asher mi-mishpachat Elimelech.
'Va-telach' means 'and she went', 've-tavoh' means 'and she returned', 've-tilaket' means 'and she harvested', 'ba-sade' means 'in the field', 'acharei' means 'after', 'ha-kotzrim' means 'the harvesters', 'va-yiker' means 'and she gave', 'mikrehah' means 'from its portion', 'chelkat' means 'the share', 'ha-sade' means 'of the field', 'le-voaz' means 'to Boaz', 'asher' means 'who', 'mi-mishpachat' means 'from the family of', 'Elimelech' is a personal name composed of 'Eli' (my God) and 'melech' (king), so it is rendered as 'my God is king'.
[RUT.2.4] And behold, Boaz came from the house of bread, and he said to the harvesters, Yahveh is with you; and they said to him, May Yahveh bless you. [§]
ve-hineh Boaz ba mi-bet lechem vayomer la-kotzrim Yahveh imachem vayomru lo Yebarechcha Yahveh.
've-hineh' means 'and behold', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'ba' means 'came', 'mi-bet lechem' means 'from the house of bread', 'vayomer' means 'and he said', 'la-kotzrim' means 'to the harvesters', 'Yahveh' is the literal translation of the Tetragrammaton YHVH, 'imachem' means 'with you (plural)', 'vayomru' means 'and they said', 'lo' means 'to him', 'Yebarechcha' means 'may (Yahveh) bless you'. The phrase 'Yahveh is with you' is rendered literally as 'Yahveh imachem' to keep the name translation consistent.
[RUT.2.5] And Boaz said to his young man who was standing over the harvesters, "To whom does this young woman belong?" [§]
Vayomer Boaz lena'arô ha-nitzav al-hakotzrim lemi ha-na'arah hazot.
'Vayomer' means 'and he said', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'lena'arô' means 'to his young man/servant', 'ha-nitzav' means 'the one standing', 'al-hakotzrim' means 'over the harvesters', 'lemi' means 'to whom', 'ha-na'arah' means 'the young woman', 'hazot' means 'this'.
[RUT.2.6] And the boy standing on the harvesters answered and said, The Moabite maiden, she has returned with Naomi from the field of Moab. [§]
vayya'an ha-na'ar ha-nitzav al-ha-kotzrim vayomar na'arah Mo'aviyah hi ha-shavah im-Na'omi misde Moav.
'vayya'an' means 'and answered', 'ha-na'ar' means 'the boy', 'ha-nitzav' means 'who stands', 'al' means 'on', 'ha-kotzrim' means 'the harvesters', 'vayomar' means 'and said', 'na'arah' means 'the maiden', 'Mo'aviyah' means 'Moabite', 'hi' means 'she', 'ha-shavah' means 'has returned', 'im' means 'with', 'Na'omi' is a personal name, 'misde' means 'from the field', 'Moav' means 'Moab'.
[RUT.2.7] And she said, 'Gather, please, and I will collect in the piles after the harvesters,' and she came and stood from early morning until now; this she stayed in the house a little. [§]
Va-tomer alakta-na ve-asapti ba-omarim acharei ha-kotzrim va-tavo va-ta'amod me'ez ha-boker ve'ad-atah zeh shivatah ha-bayit me'at.
'Va-tomer' means 'and she said', 'alakta-na' means 'gather, please', 've-asapti' means 'and I will collect', 'ba-omarim' means 'in the trunks/piles', 'acharei' means 'after', 'ha-kotzrim' means 'the harvesters', 'va-tavo' means 'and she came', 'va-ta'amod' means 'and she stood', 'me'ez' means 'from early', 'ha-boker' means 'the morning', 've'ad-atah' means 'and until now', 'zeh' means 'this', 'shivatah' means 'she sat/stayed', 'ha-bayit' means 'the house', 'me'at' means 'a little'.
[RUT.2.8] And Boaz said to Ruth, 'Is it not, my daughter? Do not go to glean in another field, nor cross from this one; instead you shall cling with my maidens.' [§]
Vayomer Boaz el Ruth halo shama't bitti al telechi lil'kot besade acher vegam lo ta'avuri mi zeh ve'cho tidbaqin im na'arotai.
'Vayomer' means 'And he said', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'el' means 'to', 'Ruth' is a proper name, 'halo' means 'Is it not', 'shama't' means 'you heard', 'bitti' means 'my daughter', 'al' means 'do not', 'telechi' means 'you go', 'lil'kot' means 'to glean', 'besade' means 'in a field', 'acher' means 'another', 'vegam' means 'also', 'lo' means 'not', 'ta'avuri' means 'you shall cross', 'mi' means 'from', 'zeh' means 'this', 've'cho' means 'instead', 'tidbaqin' means 'you shall cling', 'im' means 'with', 'na'arotai' means 'my maidens'.
[RUT.2.9] Your eyes in the field that they will harvest and you walk after them. Is it not that I commanded the youths not to harm you, and you were thirsty and you walked to the vessels and drank from what the youths will draw. [§]
Einayich basadeh asher-yiktzorun vehalacht achareihen halo tziviti et-hannearim levilti nageach vetzamat vehalacht el-hakelim veshetit measher yishavun hanearim.
'Einayich' means 'your eyes', 'basadeh' means 'in the field', 'asher' means 'which' or 'that', 'yiktzorun' means 'they will harvest', 'vehalacht' means 'and you will walk/go', 'achareihen' means 'after them', 'halo' means 'is it not', 'tziviti' means 'I commanded', 'et-hannearim' means 'the boys' or 'the youths', 'levilti' means 'not to', 'nageach' means 'harm you', 'vetzamat' means 'and you were thirsty', 'el-hakelim' means 'to the vessels', 'veshetit' means 'and you drank', 'measher' means 'from what', 'yishavun' means 'they will draw', 'hanearim' means 'the boys' again.
[RUT.2.10] And she fell upon her face and bowed to the earth, and she said to him, Why have I found favor in your eyes to acknowledge me, and I am a foreigner. [§]
vatippol al-paneha vatishtachu arzeh vatoamer elav madua matsati chen be'einecha lehakireeni ve'anokhi nakhriyah.
'vatippol' means 'and she fell', 'al' means 'upon', 'paneha' means 'her face', 'vatishtachu' means 'and she bowed', 'arzeh' means 'to earth', 'vatoamer' means 'and she said', 'elav' means 'to him', 'madua' means 'why', 'matsati' means 'I have found', 'chen' means 'favor', 'be'einecha' means 'in your eyes', 'lehakireeni' means 'to acknowledge me', 've'anokhi' means 'and I', 'nakhriyah' means 'a foreigner' or 'stranger'.
[RUT.2.11] And Boaz answered and said to her, it is announced, it is announced to me all that you have done to your daughters after the death of your husband, and you have forsaken your father and your mother and the land of your birth, and you have gone to a people who you do not know yesterday or the day before yesterday. [§]
Vayaan Boaz vayomer lah hugged huggad li kol asher-asit et-chamotek acharei mot ishek ve-ta'azvi avik ve-immek ve-aretz moladtek ve-telchi el-am asher lo yadata temol shilshom.
'Vayaan' means 'and he answered', 'Boaz' is a personal name, 'vayomer' means 'and he said', 'lah' means 'to her', 'hugged' means 'it is announced', 'huggad' means 'it is announced', 'li' means 'to me', 'kol' means 'all', 'asher-asit' means 'that you did', 'et-chamotek' means 'to your daughters', 'acharei' means 'after', 'mot' means 'death', 'isheK' means 'of your husband', 've-ta'azvi' means 'and you have forsaken', 'avik' means 'your father', 've-immek' means 'and your mother', 've-aretz' means 'and the land', 'moladtek' means 'of your birth', 've-telchi' means 'and you went', 'el-am' means 'to a people', 'asher' means 'who', 'lo' means 'not', 'yadata' means 'you know', 'temol' means 'yesterday', 'shilshom' means 'the day before yesterday'.
[RUT.2.12] Yahveh will repay your work, and your reward will be complete from Yahveh God of Israel, who came to shelter under his wings. [§]
Yeshaleem Yahveh pa'olekh utehi maskurt'ekh shlemah me'im Yahveh Elohei Yisrael asher-bat lachasot tachat-kenafav.
'Yeshaleem' means 'will repay', 'Yahveh' is the personal name of God, 'pa'olekh' means 'your work', 'utehi' means 'and it shall be', 'maskurt'ekh' means 'your reward', 'shlemah' means 'complete', 'me'im' means 'from the hand of', 'Yahveh' again the divine name, 'Elohei' means 'God of', 'Yisrael' means 'Israel', 'asher-bat' means 'who came', 'lachasot' means 'to shelter', 'tachat-kenafav' means 'under his wings'.
[RUT.2.13] And she said, I will find favor in your eyes, my Lord, because you have taken pity on me, and because you spoke concerning the heart of your maidservant; and I will not be like one of your maidservants. [§]
vato'omer emtza-chen be'eynekha adoni ki nikhamtani ve'ki dibarta al-lev shifchatekha ve'anokhi lo eheyyeh ke'achat shifchoteikha.
'vato'omer' means 'and she said', 'emtza-chen' means 'I will find favor', 'be'eynekha' means 'in your eyes', 'adoni' means 'my Lord', 'ki' means 'because', 'nikhamtani' means 'you have taken pity on me', 've'ki' means 'and because', 'dibarta' means 'you spoke', 'al-lev' means 'concerning the heart', 'shifchatekha' means 'of your maidservant', 've'anokhi' means 'and I', 'lo' means 'not', 'eheyyeh' means 'will be', 'ke'achat' means 'like one', 'shifchoteikha' means 'of your maidservants'.
[RUT.2.14] And he said to her, Boaz, at the time of the meal, hurry at once, and you shall eat from the bread and dip your flatbread in leaven; and she sat by the side of the reapers, and he placed a vessel for her; and she ate, she was satisfied, and she remained. [§]
vayomer lah Boaz le'et ha'ochl goshi halom ve'achalt min-halechem ve'tavaltet pitekh baḥometz vatéshev mitsad hakotzrim vayitzbat-la kali vatokhal vatisba vatotar.
'vayomer' means 'and he said', 'lah' means 'to her', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'le'et' means 'at the time of', 'ha'ochl' means 'the eating' or 'the meal', 'goshi' is an imperative form meaning 'hurry' or 'quickly', 'halom' means 'at once' or 'immediately', 've'achalt' means 'and you shall eat', 'min-halechem' means 'from the bread', 've'tavaltet' means 'and you shall dip', 'pitekh' means 'your flatbread' or 'your loaf', 'baḥometz' means 'in leavened [bread]', 'vatéshev' means 'and she sat', 'mitsad' means 'by the side of', 'hakotzrim' means 'the harvesters' or 'the reapers', 'vayitzbat-la' means 'and he placed for her', 'kali' means 'a vessel' or 'a cup', 'vatokhal' means 'and she ate', 'vatisba' means 'and she was satisfied', 'vatotar' means 'and she remained'.
[RUT.2.15] And she rose to gather, and Boaz commanded his young men, saying, 'Also gather between the sheaves and do not finish it.' [§]
Vatakam lelekhet vayetzav Boaz et-ne'arav le'emor gam bein ha'omarim telaket velo tachlimuha.
'Vatakam' means 'and she rose', 'lelekhet' means 'to gather', 'vayetzav' means 'and he commanded', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'et' is the direct‑object marker, 'ne'arav' means 'his young men' or 'his servants', 'le'emor' means 'to say', 'gam' means 'also', 'bein' means 'between', 'ha'omarim' means 'the sheaves' (the grain piles), 'telaket' means 'you shall gather', 'velo' means 'and not', 'tachlimuha' means 'you will finish it' (referring to the gathered grain).
[RUT.2.16] And also you shall ask for it from the plagues, and you abandoned, and for a gathering, and do not become angry at it. [§]
vegam shol-tashlu lah min hatzvotim va'azavtem ve'liktah ve'lo tig'aru bah.
'vegam' means 'and also', 'shol-tashlu' is a compound verb meaning 'you shall ask' (with the prefix shol indicating a request), 'lah' means 'to it' or 'for it', 'min hatzvotim' means 'from the plagues' (צבתים being a plural form of plague), 'va'azavtem' means 'and you abandoned', 've'liktah' means 'and (for) a gathering/collecting', 've'lo' means 'and not', 'tig'aru' means 'you become angry', and 'bah' means 'at it' or 'against it'.
[RUT.2.17] And she gathered in the field until evening, and she sifted what she had gathered, and it was like a fleece of hair. [§]
vattelaket ba-sadeh ad ha-arev vattachbot et asher-liqetah vayhi ke-eifah seorim.
'vattelaket' means 'and she gathered', 'ba-sadeh' means 'in the field', 'ad ha-arev' means 'until the evening', 'vattachbot' means 'and she sifted', 'et' is a grammatical marker with no English equivalent, 'asher-liqetah' means 'what she had gathered', 'vayhi' means 'and it was', 'ke-eifah' means 'like a fleece', 'seorim' means 'of hair' (or 'hairlike material').
[RUT.2.18] And she lifted and entered the city, and she saw her sister; she took what she had gathered, brought it out and gave it to her, what she had left from her fullness. [§]
Vatissa ve'tavo ha'ir vater' chamotah et asher-liqetah vatoze ve'titten lah et asher-hotrah mishabeah.
'Vatissa' means 'and she lifted', 've'tavo' means 'and she came into', 'ha'ir' means 'the city', 'vater'' means 'and she saw', 'chamotah' means 'her sister (female relative)', 'et' is the direct object marker, 'asher-liqetah' means 'that which she gathered', 'vatoze' means 'and she brought out', 've'titten' means 'and she gave', 'lah' means 'to her', 'et' again the object marker, 'asher-hotrah' means 'that which she left', 'mishabeah' means 'from her satiety/fullness'.
[RUT.2.19] And she said to her sister-in-law, 'Where did you harvest today, and what have you done? May your recognized one be blessed.' Then she told her sister-in-law what she had done with him, and she said, 'The name of the man with whom I have been today is Boaz.' [§]
Va'tomer la chamota eifo likat et hayom ve'ana asit yehi makirekha baruch va'tagged la chamota et asher-asata imo va'tomer shem ha'ish asher-asiti imo hayom Boaz.
'Va'tomer' means 'and she said', 'la' means 'to her', 'chamota' means 'her sister-in-law', 'eifo' means 'where', 'likat' means 'you harvested', 'et' is a direct object marker, 'hayom' means 'today', 've'ana' means 'and she', 'asit' means 'did', 'yehi' means 'let it be', 'makirekha' means 'your recognized one', 'baruch' means 'blessed', 'va'tagged' means 'and she told', 'la chamota' again 'to her sister-in-law', 'et' marker, 'asher-asata' means 'what she did', 'imo' means 'with him', 'va'tomer' means 'and she said', 'shem' means 'the name', 'ha'ish' means 'of the man', 'asher-asiti' means 'whom I have done', 'imo' again 'with him', 'hayom' 'today', 'Boaz' is the proper name.
[RUT.2.20] And Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, Blessed is Yahveh who has not abandoned his kindness to the living and the dead. And Naomi said to her, The man who is our redeemer is near to us. [§]
Va tomeir Naomi le-kallatah Baruch hu laYahveh asher lo-azav chasdo et-hachayim ve-et-hametim va tomeir lah Naomi karov lanu ha-isch migoleinu hu.
'Va' means 'and', 'tomeir' means 'said', 'Naomi' is a personal name, 'le-kallatah' means 'to her daughter-in-law', 'Baruch' means 'blessed', 'hu' means 'he', 'laYahveh' means 'to Yahveh (the LORD)', 'asher' means 'who', 'lo-azav' means 'has not left/abandoned', 'chasdo' means 'his kindness/grace', 'et-hachayim' means 'the living', 've-et-hametim' means 'and the dead', 'karov' means 'near', 'lanu' means 'to us', 'ha-isch' means 'the man', 'migoleinu' means 'our redeemer', 'hu' means 'he'.
[RUT.2.21] And Ruth the Moabite said, 'Also because I said to you, with the youths that are mine, you will cling until, if they finish, all the harvest that is mine.' [§]
Vato'amer Ruth ha-Moaviya gam ki amar elai im ha-ne'arim asher li tidvakin ad im killu et kol ha-qatsir asher li.
'Vato'amer' means 'and she said', 'Ruth' is the proper name, 'ha-Moaviya' means 'the Moabite', 'gam' means 'also' or 'even', 'ki' means 'because', 'amar' means 'said', 'elai' means 'to me', 'im' means 'with', 'ha-ne'arim' means 'the youths' or 'young men', 'asher' means 'that', 'li' means 'to me' or 'my', 'tidvakin' means 'you will cling' or 'you will hold fast', 'ad' means 'until', 'im' means 'if', 'killu' means 'they have finished' or 'they complete', 'et' is a direct‑object marker (untranslated), 'kol' means 'all', 'ha-qatsir' means 'the harvest', and the final 'asher li' means 'that is mine'.
[RUT.2.22] And Naomi said to Ruth her daughter-in-law, Good, my daughter, for you shall go out with his maidservants and they will not meet you in another field. [§]
Va'tomer Naomi el-Ruth kallatah tov beiti ki tetzei im-na'arotav velo yifge'u-bach be-sade acher.
'Va'tomer' means 'and said', 'Naomi' is the woman's name, 'el' means 'to', 'Ruth' is the name of her daughter-in-law, 'kallatah' means 'my daughter-in-law', 'tov' means 'good', 'beiti' means 'my daughter', 'ki' means 'because' or 'for', 'tetzei' means 'you will go out', 'im' means 'with', 'na'arotav' means 'his maidservants' (young women), 'velo' means 'and not', 'yifge'u' means 'they will meet', 'bach' means 'you', 'be-sade' means 'in the field', 'acher' means 'another'.
[RUT.2.23] And she clung to the young goats of the strong to gather until the completion of the harvest of the hair and the harvest of the wheat, and she sat down with her mother-in-law. [§]
va-tidbak be-na'arot boaz le-laket ad-kelot ketsir ha-seorim u-ketsir ha-chitim va-yeshev et-chamota
'va-tidbak' means 'and she clung', 'be-na'arot' means 'to the young goats', 'boaz' means 'of the strong', 'le-laket' means 'to gather', 'ad' means 'until', 'kelot' means 'completion', 'ketsir' means 'harvest', 'ha-seorim' means 'the hair', 'u-' means 'and', 'ha-chitim' means 'the wheat', 'va-yeshev' means 'and she sat down', 'et' is the direct object marker, 'chamota' means 'her mother-in-law'.
RUT.3
[RUT.3.1] And she said to her, Naomi her sister, 'My daughter, shall I not seek for you a rest that will be good for you?' [§]
Vatomer lah Naomi chamota biti halo avakesh-lach manoach asher yitav-lach.
'Vatomer' means 'and she said', 'lah' means 'to her', 'Naomi' is a proper name, 'chamota' means 'her sister', 'biti' means 'my daughter', 'halo' means 'is not' or 'shall not', 'avakesh' means 'I will seek' or 'shall I seek', 'lach' means 'for you', 'manoach' means 'rest', 'asher' means 'that', 'yitav' means 'will be good', 'lach' means 'to you'.
[RUT.3.2] Now, is not Boaz our knowledge, which you were the youths of? Behold he is shearing the grain of the hairs tonight. [§]
ve'atta halo boaz moda'tanu asher hayita et-na'arotav hineh-hu zoreh et-goren hash'arim halaila.
've'atta' means 'now', 'halo' is a rhetorical 'is not it', 'boaz' is a proper name meaning 'strength', 'moda'tanu' means 'our knowledge' (from the root knowing), 'asher' means 'which' or 'that', 'hayita' means 'you were', 'et-na'arotav' means 'the youths of him' (na'arot is 'youths', -av is his), 'hineh-hu' means 'behold he', 'zoreh' means 'shears' or 'cuts', 'et-goren' means 'the grain' (goren is 'corn' or 'seed'), 'hash'arim' means 'the hairs' (sh'arim is 'hairs'), 'halaila' means 'the night'. No divine name appears in this verse, so the prescribed literal translations for divine names are not used.
[RUT.3.3] and you washed and you covered and you placed your garments upon you and I descended the threshing floor do not know a man until its completion to eat and to drink. [§]
ve-rachatzti va-sakhti ve-samti shimlotich alayich ve-yaradeti ha-goren al-tivadi la'ish ad kalto le'echol ve-lishtot.
've-rachatzti' means 'and you washed', 'va-sakhti' means 'and you covered/filled', 've-samti' means 'and you placed', 'shimlotich' means 'your garments', 'alayich' means 'upon you', 've-yaradeti' means 'and I descended', 'ha-goren' means 'the threshing floor', 'al-tivadi' means 'do not know', 'la'ish' means 'to a man', 'ad' means 'until', 'kalto' means 'its completion', 'le'echol' means 'to eat', 've-lishtot' means 'and to drink'.
[RUT.3.4] And it will be when he lies down, and you will know the place that he will lie there; and you will come and uncover his hidden things, and I will lie down, and he will tell you what you will do. [§]
vihei beshachvo veyadatek et-hamakom asher yishkav-sham uvat vegilit margelotav vesachavti vehu yagid lecha et asher taasin.
'vihei' means 'and it will be', 'beshachvo' means 'in his lying down', 'veyadatek' means 'and you will know', 'et-hamakom' means 'the place', 'asher' means 'that/which', 'yishkav-sham' means 'will lie there', 'uvat' means 'and you will come', 'vegilit' means 'and you will uncover', 'margelotav' means 'his hidden things', 'vesachavti' means 'and I lay down', 'vehu' means 'and he', 'yagid' means 'will tell', 'lecha' means 'to you', 'et' is the direct object marker, 'asher' means 'what', 'taasin' means 'you will do'.
[RUT.3.5] And she said to her, 'Whatever you say, I will do.' [§]
Va-tomer eleha kol asher tomeri e'eseh.
'Va-tomer' means 'and she said', 'eleha' means 'to her', 'kol' means 'all' or 'whatever', 'asher' means 'that which', 'tomeri' means 'you (feminine singular) say', 'e'eseh' means 'I will do'.
[RUT.3.6] And she went down the grain and she did everything that you commanded her sister‑in‑law. [§]
vatered hagoren vataas kechol asher tzivata chamotah.
'vatered' means 'and she went down', 'hagoren' means 'the grain', 'vataas' means 'and she did' or 'made', 'kechol' means 'as everything' or 'all', 'asher' means 'that which' or 'that', 'tzivata' means 'you commanded', 'chamotah' means 'her sister‑in‑law'.
[RUT.3.7] And Boaz ate and drank and his heart was pleased, and he went to lie down at the edge of the desert; the female goat came and uncovered his ankles, and he lay down. [§]
Vayochal Boaz vayeshet vayitav libo vayavo lishkav biketze haaremah vatavo balat vategel margelotav vatishekav.
'Vayochal' means 'and he ate', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'vayeshet' means 'and he drank', 'vayitav' means 'and his heart was good/pleased', 'libo' means 'his heart', 'vayavo' means 'and he went', 'lishkav' means 'to lie down', 'biketze' means 'at the edge', 'haaremah' means 'the desert', 'vatavo' means 'and the goat came', 'balat' means 'the female goat', 'vategel' means 'and uncovered', 'margelotav' means 'his ankles', 'vatishekav' means 'and he lay down'.
[RUT.3.8] And it happened at midnight, and the man went mad and fled, and behold, a woman lying on his sandals. [§]
Vayehi bachatsi halayla vayechrad haish vayilapet vehineh isha shochevet margelotav.
'Vayehi' means 'and it happened', 'bachatsi' means 'in the middle', 'halayla' means 'of the night', 'vayechrad' means 'and the man went mad', 'haish' means 'the man', 'vayilapet' means 'and he fled', 'vehineh' means 'and behold', 'isha' means 'a woman', 'shochevet' means 'lying', 'margelotav' means 'his sandals'.
[RUT.3.9] And he said, 'Who are you?' And she said, 'I am Ruth your mother-in-law, and you spread your wing over your mother-in-law, for you are a redeemer.' [§]
Vayomer mi-at? Vato'amer anokhi Rut, ematecha, ufarashta knafecha al-amat'cha ki go'el atah.
'Vayomer' means 'and he said', 'mi-at' means 'who are you', 'Vato'amer' means 'and she said', 'anokhi' means 'I', 'Rut' is the name Ruth, 'ematecha' means 'your mother-in-law', 'ufarashta' means 'and you spread', 'knafecha' means 'your wing', 'al-amat'cha' means 'over your mother-in-law', 'ki' means 'for', 'go'el' means 'redeemer' or 'kinsman-redeemer', 'atah' means 'you'.
[RUT.3.10] And he said, Blessed are you, Yahveh, my daughter; you have made your kindness the latter more than the former, without having to go after the youths, whether poor or rich. [§]
vayomer berukah at laYHWH biti heitavt chasdekh haacharon min-harishon levilti-lekhet acharei habachurim im dal veim ashir.
'vayomer' means 'and he said', 'berukah' means 'blessed', 'at' means 'you', 'laYHWH' means 'to Yahveh' (YHWH is translated as Yahveh), 'biti' means 'my daughter', 'heitavt' means 'you have made good', 'chasdekh' means 'your kindness/mercy', 'haacharon' means 'the latter', 'min-harishon' means 'than the former', 'levilti-lekhet' means 'without going', 'acharei' means 'after', 'habachurim' means 'the youths', 'im' means 'whether', 'dal' means 'poor', 'veim' means 'or', 'ashir' means 'rich'.
[RUT.3.11] Now my daughter, do not be afraid; whatever you say I will do for you, because I know all the gate of my people, for you are a woman of valor. [§]
ve'atah beiti al-tiri kol asher tomri e'eseh-lakh ki yodea kol sha'ar ami ki eshet chayil at.
've'atah' means 'now' (conjunction ve + ata = now), 'beiti' means 'my daughter', 'al-tiri' means 'do not be afraid', 'kol' means 'all', 'asher tomri' means 'that you will say', 'e'eseh-lakh' means 'I will do for you', 'ki' means 'because', 'yodea' means 'knows', 'kol sha'ar' means 'all gate', 'ami' means 'my people', 'ki' again means 'because', 'eshet chayil' means 'woman of valor', 'at' means 'you' (feminine).
[RUT.3.12] Now, because indeed, if I am a redeemer, and there is also a redeemer near me. [§]
ve'atah ki amnam ki im goel anochi ve'gam yesh goel karov mimeni.
've' means 'and', 'atah' means 'now', 'ki' means 'because' or 'for', 'amnam' means 'indeed' or 'truly', 'im' means 'if', 'goel' means 'redeemer', 'anochi' means 'I', 've' again means 'and', 'gam' means 'also', 'yesh' means 'there is', 'goel' again 'redeemer', 'karov' means 'near', 'mimeni' means 'to me' or 'from me'.
[RUT.3.13] Now the night, and it shall be in the morning: if he redeems you, good, he will be redeemed; and if not, he desires to redeem you, and I have redeemed you, I am Yahveh the living One, lie down until morning. [§]
Liyni ha-layla ve-hayah ba-boker im-yig'olekh tov yig'al ve-im lo yachpotz le-ga'alech u-ga'alti-kh anochi chai Yahveh shikhvi ad ha-boker.
'Liyni' is a vocalization of the Hebrew word לִינִי, meaning 'this night' or 'now the night'. 'ha-layla' means 'the night'. 've-hayah' means 'and it will be'. 'ba-boker' means 'in the morning'. 'im' means 'if'. 'yig'olekh' (יִגְאָלֵךְ) means 'he redeems you' (from the verb ga'al, to redeem). 'tov' means 'good'. 'yig'al' (יִגְאַל) means 'he will be redeemed'. 've-im lo' means 'and if not'. 'yachpotz' (יַחְפֹּץ) means 'he will desire'. 'le-ga'alech' (לְגָאֹלֶךְ) means 'to redeem you'. 'u-ga'alti-kh' (וּגְאַלְתִּיךְ) means 'and I have redeemed you'. 'anochi' (אָנֹכִי) means 'I'. 'chai Yahveh' (חַי‑יְהוָה) is rendered as 'Yahveh lives' following the rule to translate YHVH as Yahveh. 'shikhvi' (שִׁכְבִי) is the imperative 'lie down'. 'ad ha-boker' means 'until the morning'.
[RUT.3.14] And she lay down her sandals until morning, and she rose early; a man recognizes his companion, and he said, "let not be known because the woman has come, the jar." [§]
vatishkav margelotav ad haboqer vatakam beterem yakir ish et re'ehu vayomer al yivda ki vo'ah haisha hagoren.
'vatishkav' means 'and she lay down', 'margelotav' means 'her sandals', 'ad haboqer' means 'until morning', 'vatakam' means 'and she rose', 'beterem' means 'early', 'yakir' means 'recognizes', 'ish' means 'a man', 'et re'ehu' means 'his companion', 'vayomer' means 'and he said', 'al yivda' means 'let not be known', 'ki vo'ah' means 'because she came', 'haisha' means 'the woman', 'hagoren' means 'the jar'.
[RUT.3.15] And he said, 'Give the covering that is upon you, and I will take hold of it.' She grasped it; he measured six hairs and placed it upon her, and he entered the city. [§]
Vayomer havi hamitpachat asher alayich ve'echazi bah vato'achez bah vayamad shesh se'orim vayashot aleha vayavo ha'ir.
'Vayomer' means 'and he said', 'havi' means 'give' (imperative), 'hamitpachat' means 'the covering/blanket' (a noun referring to something spread over), 'asher' means 'that', 'alayich' means 'upon you' (feminine singular), 've'echazi' means 'and I will take hold (of it)', 'bah' means 'in it' or 'of it', 'vato'achez' means 'and she grasped it', 'vayamad' means 'and measured', 'shesh' means 'six', 'se'orim' means 'hairs' or 'threads', 'vayashot' means 'and placed', 'aleha' means 'upon her', 'vayavo' means 'and he entered', 'ha'ir' means 'the city'.
[RUT.3.16] And she went to her mother‑in‑law and said, "Who are you, my daughter?" And she told her all that the man had done to her. [§]
vatavo el chamotah vatoamer mi-at biti vateged-la et kol asher asah-la haish
'vatavo' means 'and she came/goes', 'el' means 'to', 'chamotah' means 'her mother-in-law', 'vatoamer' means 'and she said', 'mi-at' means 'who are you', 'biti' means 'my daughter', 'vateged-la' means 'and she told her', 'et' is a direct‑object marker (no English equivalent), 'kol' means 'all', 'asher' means 'that which/what', 'asah' means 'did', 'la' means 'to her', 'haish' means 'the man'.
[RUT.3.17] And she said, 'These six cords he gave to me because he said, "Do not come empty to your mother-in-law."' [§]
Vatoamer shesh-hasseorim haele natan li ki amar al-tavoi reikam el-chamotek.
'Vatoamer' means 'and she said', 'shesh-hasseorim' means 'six cords/strings', 'haele' means 'these', 'natan' means 'gave', 'li' means 'to me', 'ki' means 'because', 'amar' means 'he said', 'al-tavoi' means 'do not come', 'reikam' means 'empty' or 'bare-handed', 'el-chamotek' means 'to your mother-in-law'.
[RUT.3.18] And she said, "Sit, my daughter, until you know how a thing will fall, because the man will not be at rest unless the matter is finished today." [§]
vaato'amer shevi biti ad asher tedain eich yipol davar ki lo yishqot haish ki im kila hadavar hayom.
'vaato'amer' means 'and she said', 'shevi' means 'sit' (imperative feminine), 'biti' means 'my daughter', 'ad' means 'until', 'asher' means 'that/which', 'tedain' means 'you will know' (feminine singular future), 'eich' means 'how', 'yipol' means 'will fall', 'davar' means 'a thing/word', 'ki' means 'because', 'lo' means 'not', 'yishqot' means 'will be quiet/at rest', 'haish' means 'the man', 'ki im' means 'but if', 'kila' means 'is finished', 'hadavar' means 'the thing/word', 'hayom' means 'today'.
RUT.4
[RUT.4.1] And Boaz went up to the gate and sat there, and behold the redeemer passing who had spoken to Boaz, and he said, 'Depart, sit here, you so‑and‑so, the bachelor,' and he turned away and sat. [§]
uBoaz ala hashaar vayeshev sham vehineh gagoel over asher diberBoaz vayomer sura sheva-poh peloni almoni vaysar vayeshev.
'uBoaz' means 'and Boaz', 'ala' means 'went up', 'hashaar' means 'the gate', 'vayeshev' means 'and sat', 'sham' means 'there', 'vehineh' means 'and behold', 'gagoel' means 'the redeemer', 'over' means 'passing', 'asher' means 'who', 'diberBoaz' means 'spoke (said) Boaz', 'vayomer' means 'and said', 'sura' means 'depart', 'sheva-poh' means 'sit here', 'peloni' means 'so‑and‑so', 'almoni' means 'the bachelor', 'vaysar' means 'turned away', 'vayeshev' means 'and sat'.
[RUT.4.2] He took ten men from the elders of the city and said, 'Sit here,' and they sat. [§]
Vayikach asarah anashim miziknei hair vayomer shevu po vayeshev.
'Vayikach' means 'and he took', 'asarah' means 'ten', 'anashim' means 'men', 'miziknei' means 'from the elders', 'hair' means 'of the city', 'vayomer' means 'and he said', 'shevu' means 'sit', 'po' means 'here', 'vayeshev' means 'they sat'.
[RUT.4.3] And he said to the redeemer, the share of the field that belonged to our brother for Elimelech, Naomi sold the return from the field of Moab. [§]
Vayomer lagóel chelqat hashade asher le'achinu le-Elimelech makrah Naomi hashava misdeh Moab.
'Vayomer' means 'and he said', 'lagóel' means 'to the redeemer', 'chelqat' means 'the portion' or 'share', 'hashade' means 'of the field', 'asher' means 'that' or 'which', 'le'achinu' means 'to our brother', 'le-Elimelech' means 'to Elimelech', 'makrah' means 'sold', 'Naomi' is a proper name, 'hashava' means 'the return' or 'the giving back', 'misdeh' means 'from the field of', and 'Moab' is a proper place name.
[RUT.4.4] And I said, I will redeem your ear to say, 'Buy before the seated and before the elders of my people; if you will redeem, redeem, and if you will not redeem, tell me, and I will know that there is no one besides you to redeem, and I am after you.' And he said, I will redeem. [§]
vaani amarti egle aznekha leemor kene neged hayoshvim ve-neged ziknei ammi im tigal geal ve-im lo yigal hagida li veedah ki ein zulatekha ligol vaanochi achareikha vayomer anochi eg'al.
'vaani' means 'and I'; 'amarti' means 'said'; 'egle' means 'I will redeem'; 'aznekha' means 'your ear'; 'leemor' means 'to say'; 'kene' means 'buy'; 'neged' means 'before' or 'in front of'; 'hayoshvim' means 'the ones who sit' (i.e., the seated); 've-neged' means 'and before'; 'ziknei' means 'the elders'; 'ammi' means 'of my people'; 'im' means 'if'; 'tigal' means 'you will redeem'; 'geal' means 'redeem'; 've-im' means 'and if'; 'lo' means 'not'; 'yigal' means 'will redeem'; 'hagida' means 'the proclamation' or 'tell'; 'li' means 'to me'; 'veedah' means 'and I will know'; 'ki' means 'that'; 'ein' means 'there is no'; 'zulatekha' means 'besides you'; 'ligol' means 'to redeem'; 'vaanochi' means 'and I'; 'achareikha' means 'after you' or 'following you'; 'vayomer' means 'and he said'; 'anochi' means 'I'; 'eg'al' means 'will redeem'.
[RUT.4.5] And Boaz said, on the day of your buying the field from Naomi, and from Ruth the Moabite, the widow, you have bought to establish the name of the dead upon his inheritance. [§]
Vayomer Boaz beyom knotekha hasadeh miyad Naomi u-me'et Rut hamovaiah eshet-hamet kaniti le-hakim shem-hamet al-nachalato.
'Vayomer' means 'and he said', 'Boaz' is a personal name, 'beyom' means 'on the day', 'knotekha' means 'of your purchase', 'hasadeh' means 'the field', 'miyad' means 'from the hand of', 'Naomi' is a personal name, 'u-me'et' means 'and from', 'Rut' is a personal name, 'hamovaiah' means 'the Moabite', 'eshet-hamet' means 'the widow', 'kaniti' means 'you have bought', 'le-hakim' means 'to raise/establish', 'shem-hamet' means 'the name of the dead', 'al-nachalato' means 'upon his inheritance'.
[RUT.4.6] And the redeemer said, 'I cannot redeem for myself, lest I spoil my inheritance; redeem for you, you are my redemption, for I cannot redeem.' [§]
vayomer ha-goel lo uchal ligal li pen ashchit et nachalti geal lekha atah et geulati ki lo uchal ligal.
'vayomer' means 'and he said', 'ha-goel' means 'the redeemer', 'lo' means 'not' or 'cannot', 'uchal' means 'I can' (with the negative sense 'cannot'), 'ligal' means 'to redeem', 'li' means 'for me', 'pen' means 'lest', 'ashchit' means 'I spoil' or 'I destroy', 'et' is the direct object marker, 'nachalti' means 'my inheritance', 'geal' means 'redeem', 'lekha' means 'for you', 'atah' means 'you', 'geulati' means 'my redemption', 'ki' means 'for' or 'because', 'lo' again means 'not', 'uchal' again 'I can', 'ligal' again 'to redeem'.
[RUT.4.7] And this concerning earlier matters in Israel, regarding the redemption and the offering, to fulfill every matter: a man lifted his sandal and gave it to his companion, and this is the record in Israel. [§]
vezoet lefanim beYisrael al-hageula veal-hatemura lekaem kol-davar shalaf ish naalo venatan lereahu vezoet hatteuda beYisrael.
'vezoet' means 'and this', 'lefanim' means 'for the former' or 'concerning earlier matters', 'beYisrael' means 'in Israel', 'al' means 'regarding' or 'concerning', 'hageula' means 'the redemption', 'veal' means 'and concerning', 'hatemura' means 'the offering' (often understood as a grain offering), 'lekaem' means 'to fulfill' or 'to bring to completion', 'kol' means 'all' or 'every', 'davar' means 'matter' or 'thing', 'shalaf' means 'lifted' or 'raised', 'ish' means 'a man', 'naalo' means 'his sandal', 'venatan' means 'and gave', 'lereahu' means 'to his companion' or 'to his fellow', 'vezoet' again means 'and this', 'hatteuda' means 'the record' or 'the testimony', 'beYisrael' again means 'in Israel'.
[RUT.4.8] And the redeemer said to Boaz, Buy for yourself, and he removed his sandal. [§]
Vayomer haggoel le Boaz keneh l'cha vayishlef na'alo.
'Vayomer' means 'and he said', 'haggoel' means 'the redeemer', 'le Boaz' means 'to Boaz', 'keneh' means 'buy', 'l'cha' means 'for yourself', 'vayishlef' means 'and he removed', 'na'alo' means 'his sandal'.
[RUT.4.9] And Boaz said to the elders and all the people, 'You are witnesses today, because I have bought all that belonged to Elimelech and also all that belonged to Chilion and the field from Naomi's hand.' [§]
Vayomer Boaz la-zkenim ve-khol ha-am edim atem hayom ki kaniti et kol asher le-Elimelech ve-et kol asher le-Chilion u-machlon mi-yad Naomi.
'Vayomer' means 'and he said', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'la-zkenim' means 'to the elders', 've-khol' means 'and all', 'ha-am' means 'the people', 'edim' means 'witnesses', 'atem' means 'you (plural)', 'hayom' means 'today', 'ki' means 'because', 'kaniti' means 'I have bought', 'et' is the accusative marker, 'kol' means 'all', 'asher' means 'that which', 'le-Elimelech' means 'belonging to Elimelech', 've-et' means 'and also', 'le-Chilion' means 'belonging to Chilion', 'u-machlon' means 'and the field', 'mi-yad' means 'from the hand of', 'Naomi' is a proper name.
[RUT.4.10] And also Ruth the Moabite, the wife of Mahlon, I have bought for myself to be my wife, that the name of the dead may be kept alive in his inheritance, and that the name of the dead shall not be cut off from among his brothers and from his place of birth. You are witnesses today. [§]
Ve-gam et Ruth ha-Moaviyah eshet Machlon kaniti li le-isha le-hakim shem ha-met al-nachalato velo-yikaret shem ha-met me-im echav u-mishar makomo edim atem hayom.
'Ve-gam' means 'and also', 'et' is the accusative marker before a proper name, 'Ruth ha-Moaviyah' means 'Ruth the Moabite', 'eshet Machlon' means 'wife of Mahlon', 'kaniti' means 'I have bought', 'li' means 'for me', 'le-isha' means 'to be a wife', 'le-hakim' means 'to establish/raise up', 'shem ha-met' means 'the name of the dead', 'al-nachalato' means 'upon his inheritance', 'velo-yikaret' means 'and shall not be cut off', 'me-im echav' means 'from among his brothers', 'u-mishar makomo' means 'and from the place of his birth', 'edim atem hayom' means 'you are witnesses today'.
[RUT.4.11] And all the people who were at the gate and the elders, witnesses, said that Yahveh will give the woman who comes to your house like Rachel and like Leah, who built both of them the house of Israel, and do valor in Ephraim, and call the name in the house of bread. [§]
Vayomru kol ha'am asher ba'sha'ar ve'hazkenim edim yiten Yahveh et ha'isha ha'ba'ah el beitekha ke'Rachele u'k'Leah asher ban u'shteihem et beit Yisrael va'aseh chayil be'Ephra'tah u'kra shem be'beit lacham.
'Vayomru' means 'they said', 'kol ha'am' means 'all the people', 'asher ba'sha'ar' means 'who are at the gate', 've'hazkenim' means 'and the elders', 'edim' means 'witnesses', 'yiten' means 'will give', 'Yahveh' is the literal translation of YHWH, 'et ha'isha' means 'the woman', 'ha'ba'ah' means 'who comes', 'el beitekha' means 'to your house', 'ke'Rachele' means 'like Rachel', 'u'k'Leah' means 'and like Leah', 'asher ban' means 'who built', 'u'shteihem' means 'both of them', 'et beit Yisrael' means 'the house of Israel', 'va'aseh chayil' means 'and do valor', 'be'Ephra'tah' means 'in Ephraim', 'u'kra shem' means 'and call the name', 'be'beit lacham' means 'in the house of bread'.
[RUT.4.12] Let your house be like the house of Peretz, which gave birth to a palm for Judah from the seed that Yahveh will give to you from this young woman. [§]
Vihee veitecha keveit peretz asher yaldah tamar leYehudah min hazera asher yitten Yahveh leka min hanearah hazot
'Vihee' means 'let it be', 'veitecha' means 'your house', 'keveit' means 'like the house of', 'peretz' is a proper name, 'asher' means 'that/which', 'yaldah' means 'gave birth', 'tamar' means 'palm', 'leYehudah' means 'to Judah', 'min' means 'from', 'hazera' means 'the seed', 'asher' again means 'that', 'yitten' means 'will give', 'Yahveh' is the literal translation of YHVH meaning the divine name, 'leka' means 'to you', 'min' again means 'from', 'hanearah' means 'the young woman', 'hazot' means 'this'.
[RUT.4.13] And Boaz took Ruth and she became his wife, and he went to her, and Yahveh gave her a child, and she bore a son. [§]
Vayikach Boaz et-Ruth vatehi-lo le'isha vayavo eileha vayiten Yahveh lah herayon vatelad ben.
'Vayikach' means 'and he took', 'Boaz' is a proper name, 'et' is the Hebrew direct object marker (no English equivalent), 'Ruth' is a proper name, 'vatehi-lo' means 'and she became to him' (i.e., became his), 'le'isha' means 'as a wife', 'vayavo' means 'and he went', 'eileha' means 'to her', 'vayiten' means 'and gave', 'Yahveh' is the literal translation of YHVH (the divine name), 'lah' means 'to her', 'herayon' (literally 'a child', here understood as 'a son'), 'vatelad' means 'and she bore', and 'ben' means 'son'.
[RUT.4.14] And the women said to Naomi, Blessed Yahveh, who has not withheld from you a redeemer today, and his name will be called in Israel. [§]
vattomar'na hannashim el-Naomi baruch Yahveh asher lo hishbit lakh goel hayom ve-yikarei shmo beYisrael.
'vattomar'na' means 'and they said', 'hannashim' means 'the women', 'el-Naomi' means 'to Naomi', 'baruch' means 'blessed', 'Yahveh' is the literal translation of the divine name YHVH, 'asher' means 'who', 'lo' means 'not', 'hishbit' means 'has withheld' or 'has left', 'lakh' means 'from you' (feminine), 'goel' means 'redeemer' or 'kinsman-redeemer', 'hayom' means 'today', 've-yikarei' means 'and his name will be called', 'shmo' means 'his name', 'beYisrael' means 'in Israel'.
[RUT.4.15] And it shall be for you to restore a soul and to govern your side because your bride, whom you loved, will bear her who is good to you, seven sons. [§]
ve-hayah lakh le-meshiv nephesh u-le-kalkel et-sevathek ki kalatekh asher-ahevathek yeladatu asher-hi tovah lakh mishivah banim.
've-hayah' means 'and it shall be', 'lakh' means 'to you' (feminine singular), 'le-meshiv' means 'to the one who restores/returns', 'nephesh' means 'soul', 'u-le-kalkel' means 'and to govern/handle', 'et-sevathek' means 'the side/portion of you', 'ki' means 'because', 'kalatekh' means 'your bride', 'asher-ahevathek' means 'that you have loved', 'yeladatu' means 'will bear/bring forth', 'asher-hi' means 'that she', 'tovah' means 'good', 'lakh' again means 'to you', 'mishivah' means 'seven', 'banim' means 'sons'.
[RUT.4.16] Naomi took the child, and she fed him in her breast, and she became his nurse. [§]
Va-tikkaḥ Na'omi et-hayyeled ve-teshitehu becheikah ve-tehi-lo le'omenet.
'Va-tikkaḥ' means 'and she took', 'Na'omi' is the proper name Naomi, 'et-hayyeled' means 'the child', 've-teshitehu' means 'and she fed him', 'becheikah' means 'in her breast' (i.e., in her arms), 've-tehi-lo' means 'and she became to him', 'le'omenet' means 'a nurse' or 'one who nurses'.
[RUT.4.17] And the neighbor women called him by name to say, 'A son is born to Na'ami'; they called his name Oved. He is the father of Isaiah, the father of David. [§]
Vatikreana lo hashkenot shem le'emor yullad ben leNa'ami vatikreana shemo Oved hu avi Yishai avi David.
'Vatikreana' means 'and they called (him)'. 'Lo' means 'to him'. 'Hashkenot' means 'the neighbor women'. 'Shem' means 'by name'. 'Le'emor' means 'to say'. 'Yullad' means 'is born'. 'Ben' means 'son'. 'LeNa'ami' means 'to Na'ami'. 'Shemo' means 'his name'. 'Oved' is a proper name meaning 'worker'. 'Hu' means 'he is'. 'Avi' means 'father of'. 'Yishai' is the name 'Isaiah'. 'Avi' again means 'father of'. 'David' is the name 'David'.
[RUT.4.18] And these are the generations of Perez, Perez fathered Hezron. [§]
ve'elleh toledot Peretz Peretz holid et Hezron.
've'elleh' means 'and these', 'toledot' means 'generations' or 'offspring', 'Peretz' is a proper name meaning 'bursting forth', the repetition 'Peretz Peretz' stresses the individual, 'holid' means 'fathered' or 'begot', 'et' is a grammatical marker indicating a direct object, and 'Hezron' is a personal name meaning 'enclosed' or 'dwelling place'.
[RUT.4.19] And Hezron fathered Ram, and Ram fathered Amminadab. [§]
vechetzron holid et ram, ve-ram holid et aminadab.
"ve-" means "and", "chetzron" is the personal name Hezron, "holid" means "fathered" or "brought forth", "et" is the accusative marker indicating the following word is the object, "ram" is the personal name Ram (meaning "exalted"), the second clause repeats the pattern with "ram" as the father and "aminadab" as the son (the name Amminadab).
[RUT.4.20] And Amminadab begot Nahshon, and Nahshon begot Salmon. [§]
ve'amminadav holid et-nachshon ve-nachshon holid et-salmah.
've' means 'and', 'amminadav' is a personal name meaning 'my nation is generous', 'holid' means 'begot', 'et' is a grammatical marker indicating the direct object, 'nachshon' is a personal name meaning 'serpent' or 'oracle', the second 've' again means 'and', the second 'nachshon' repeats the name, the second 'holid' again means 'begot', and 'salmah' is a personal name meaning 'peaceful' (often rendered as Salmon).
[RUT.4.21] And Salmon fathered Boaz; and Boaz fathered Obed. [§]
ve-salmon holid et boaz u boaz holid et obed.
've' means 'and', 'salmon' is the personal name Salmon, 'holid' means 'fathered' or 'begot', 'et' is the direct object marker indicating the following word is the object, 'boaz' is the personal name Boaz, 'u' means 'and', the second 'boaz' repeats the same name, the second 'holid' again means 'fathered', the second 'et' is the object marker, and 'obed' is the personal name Obed.
[RUT.4.22] Obed begot Jesse, and Jesse begot David. [§]
veObed holid et Yishai veYishai holid et David.
've' means 'and', 'Obed' is a proper name (the Hebrew name means 'servant'), 'holid' means 'begot', 'et' is a grammatical marker for a direct object with no English equivalent, 'Yishai' is a proper name (the Hebrew name means 'Jesse'), the second 've' again means 'and', the second 'Yishai' refers again to the name Jesse, the second 'holid' again means 'begot', and 'David' is a proper name (the Hebrew name means 'beloved').