Saint Paul's second letter to Timothy

2TI (Saint Paul's second letter to Timothy)

2TI.1

[2TI.1.1] Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus, by the will of God, according to the promise of the life that is in Christ Jesus. [§] Paulos apostolos Christou Iesou dia thelematos theou kat' epangelian zoes tes en Christoi Iesou This verse introduces Paul as an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, according to the promise of life that is in Christ Jesus. Each word is translated directly. 'Apostolos' means 'apostle,' 'Christou Iesou' is 'of Christ Jesus,' 'dia' means 'by' or 'through,' 'thelematos' means 'will,' 'theou' means 'of God,' 'kat'' is 'according to,' 'epangelian' means 'promise,' 'zoes' means 'of life,' 'tes' is 'the,' 'en' means 'in'. [2TI.1.2] To Timothy, beloved child, may grace, mercy, and peace be to you from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord. [§] Timotheo agapetoo tekno, charis eleos eirene apo theou patros kai Christou Iesou tou kuriou hemon. This verse is a greeting from Paul to Timothy. "Timotheo" is the dative form of Timothy’s name. "Agapetoo tekno" means "beloved child". "Charis eleos eirene" is a triad of blessings: grace, mercy, and peace. "Apo theou patros" means "from God the Father". "Kai Christou Iesou" means "and Christ Jesus". "Tou kuriou hemon" means "our Lord". [2TI.1.3] I have grace to God, to whom I worship from ancestors in pure conscience, as I have unceasing remembrance about you in my prayers night and day. [§] kharin echo to theō, hō latreuo apo progenōn en kathara synēidei, hōs adialeipton echo tēn peri sou mneia en tais deēseis mou nyktos kai hēmeras This verse is from the common Greek text. 'Charin' means grace. 'Echo' means I have. 'Theos' is 'God'. 'Hō' is a relative pronoun, meaning 'to whom' or 'which'. 'Latreuo' means I worship. 'Apo progenōn' means 'from ancestors'. 'En kathara synēidei' means 'in pure conscience'. 'Hōs' means 'as'. 'Adialeipton' means unceasing. 'Peri sou' means 'about you'. 'Mneia' means remembrance. 'En tais deēseis mou' means 'in my prayers'. 'Nyktos kai hēmeras' means 'night and day'. [2TI.1.4] Desiring you to see, remembering of you the tears, so that joy may be filled. [§] epipothon se idein, memnemenos sou ton dakruon, hina charas plerotho This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 1:4. It expresses a longing to see Timothy again, remembering his tears, so that joy may be fulfilled. The verse originates in Koine Greek, not the original Biblical languages. Therefore, a literal translation of the names of God is not applicable here, as this verse does not reference those names. The task asks for a literal translation, so I will treat each word as it is, without theological interpretation or smoothing of sentence structure. [2TI.1.5] Having been reminded of the sincere faith that is in you, which lived first in your grandmother Lois and your mother Eunice, I am convinced that it also lives in you. [§] hupomnesin labon tes en soi anupokritou pisteos, hetis enoikesen proton en te mamme sou Loidi kai te metri sou Eunike, pepeismai de hoti kai en soi. This verse is from the second letter to Timothy, chapter 1, verse 5. It speaks of Timothy's sincere faith, which first resided in his grandmother Lois and his mother Eunice, and the author is confident it also resides in Timothy. The original language is Koine Greek. The names Lois and Eunice are transliterated as they are proper nouns and traditionally kept as is. It's important to note that 'pistis' refers to faith or belief. 'Mamme' is a diminutive of 'mater' - mother. [2TI.1.6] For this reason, I remind you to rekindle the gift of the God, which is in you through the laying on of my hands. [§] dee hen aitian anamimnesko se anazopureein to charisma tou theou, ho estin en soi dia tes epitheses ton cheiron mou. This verse, from 2 Timothy 1:6, speaks of reminding someone to rekindle the gift of God that is within them, imparted through the laying on of hands. “Dee hen aitian” means “for which reason.” “Anamimnesko” means “I remind.” “Anazopureein” means “to rekindle.” “To charisma” means “the gift.” “Tou theou” means “of the God.” “Ho estin” means “which is.” “En soi” means “in you.” “Dia tes epitheses” means “through the laying on.” “Ton cheiron mou” means “of my hands.” [2TI.1.7] For God did not give us a spirit of fear, but a spirit of power, and love, and self-control. [§] hoo gar edoken hemin ho theos pneuma deileias alla dunameos kai agapes kai sophronismos This verse states that God did not give us a spirit of fear, but a spirit of power, love, and self-control. 'Theos' means 'God'. 'Pneuma' is 'spirit'. 'Deileias' is a form of 'fear'. 'Dunameos' is a form of 'power'. 'Agapes' is a form of 'love'. 'Sophronismos' means 'self-control' or 'sound mind'. The construction uses 'gar' to indicate a reason or explanation. [2TI.1.8] Therefore, do not be ashamed of the testimony of my Lord, nor of me, his prisoner, but share in suffering for the good news according to the power of God. [§] may oo-n ep-ais-koon-thees toh mar-too-ree-on too koo-ree-os hay-moon mee-deh eh-meh ton des-mee-on av-too, al-lah sung-kak-o-pa-thee-son toh-ay eu-ang-gel-ee-oh kat-ah doo-nah-meen the-oo This verse uses several key terms. 'Kureos' means 'Lord', and in this context it refers to God. 'Theos' means 'God'. 'Desmios' means 'prisoner'. 'Euangelion' means 'good news'. The verse is a call to not be ashamed of witnessing for God and for the one imprisoned for the good news, and to share in the suffering for the good news according to the power of God. [2TI.1.9] The one who saved us and called us with a holy calling did not do so according to our deeds, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given to us in Christ Jesus before times eternal. [§] tou sosantos hemas kai kalesantos klēsei hagia, ou kata ta erga hēmōn alla kata idian prothesin kai charin, tēn dotheisan hēmin en Christō Iēsou pro chronōn aiōniōn This verse, from 2 Timothy 1:9, speaks of salvation not based on human works, but on God's own purpose and grace given before time began. It is important to note the verse does not mention any of the names of God, only verbs associated with divine action. We are translating as literally as possible. [2TI.1.10] And now having been manifested is the appearing of our savior, Jesus Christ, having abolished death, and having illuminated life and immortality through the gospel. [§] phaneroθeηsan de nuνdiα tes epiphaneias tou sηtηros hηmνn Christou Iηsou, katargηsantos men ton thanaton, phηtisantos de zηn kai aphtharsian dia tou euangelion This verse from Titus 1:10 describes how the revelation of God's savior, Jesus Christ, has abolished death and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel. "φανερωθεῖσαν" (phaneroθeηsan) means 'having been manifested', "νῦν" (nuν) means 'now', "διὰ" (dia) means 'through', "ἐπιφανείας" (epiphaneias) means 'appearing', "σωτῆρος" (sηtηros) means 'savior', "Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ" (Christou Iηsou) means 'Christ Jesus', "καταργήσαντος" (katargηsantos) means 'having abolished', "θάνατον" (thanaton) means 'death', "φωτίσαντος" (phηtisantos) means 'having illuminated', "ζωὴν" (zηn) means 'life', "ἀφθαρσίαν" (aphtharsian) means 'immortality', and "εὐαγγελίου" (euangelion) means 'gospel'. [2TI.1.11] For this I was appointed a herald and a messenger and a teacher. [§] eis ho ethethēn ego kērux kai apostolos kai didaskalos This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 1:11. It states that Paul was appointed as a herald, an apostle, and a teacher. The verse uses the verb 'to set' or 'to appoint' in the perfect passive indicative, suggesting a completed action with ongoing relevance. 'Kērux' means herald or preacher, 'apostolos' means apostle or messenger, and 'didaskalos' means teacher. [2TI.1.12] Because of this reason, I also suffer these things. But I am not ashamed, for I know the One in whom I have trusted and I am convinced that He is able to guard what I have entrusted to Him until that day. [§] dee hēn aitian kai tauta paschō: all' ouk epaischūnomai, oida gar hō pepisteuka kai pepeismai hoti dunatos estin tēn parathēkēn mou phulaxai eis ekeinēn tēn hēmeran. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 1:12. It expresses Paul’s confidence in God despite his suffering. The verse states that Paul endures hardship for a specific reason and is not ashamed because he knows in whom he has believed and is convinced that God is able to guard what he has entrusted to Him until that day. The verse features references to trust, conviction, and the safeguarding of something valuable. [2TI.1.13] Maintain the pattern of sound teachings that you have heard from me, in faith and love that is in Christ Jesus. [§] hupo-too-po-seen eh-khay oo-gee-ah-no-ton lo-gon hon par' em-oo ay-koo-sas en pis-tay kai ah-gah-pay tay en Khree-stoo ee-ay-soo This verse comes from a letter written in the common language of the first century, not the original language of the scriptures. It instructs the reader to maintain a pattern of sound teaching they have heard from the author, in faith and love that is in Christ Jesus. "Hupo-too-po-seen" means "pattern" or "outline". "Oogee-ah-no-ton" means "healthy" or "sound". "Lo-gon" refers to the words or teachings. "Par' em-oo" means "from me". "Ay-koo-sas" means "you have heard". "En pis-tay" means "in faith". "Kai ah-gah-pay" means "and love". "Tay en Khree-stoo ee-ay-soo" means "that is in Christ Jesus". [2TI.1.14] Guard the good deposit by means of the holy spirit that dwells in us. [§] ton kalen paratheken phylaxon dia pneumatos hagiou tou enoikountos en hemin. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 1:14. It instructs the reader to guard the good thing entrusted to them with the help of the Holy Spirit who dwells within them. The original verse is in Koine Greek, and includes the definite article 'the' before 'good deposit', and 'holy spirit'. [2TI.1.15] You know this, that all who were in Asia turned away from me, among whom were Phygellus and Hermogenes. [§] oi-das too-to, ho-ti a-pes-tra-phe-san me pan-tes hoi en tee A-si-a, hon es-tin Foo-ge-los kai Her-mo-ge-nes. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 1:16. It speaks of Onesiphorus's loyalty to Paul. The verse states that everyone in Asia turned away from Paul, with the exception of Onesiphorus. The names Phygellus and Hermogenes represent individuals who deserted Paul. The verse uses 'oi' meaning 'they,' 'to' meaning 'this,' and 'hoi' meaning 'the.' [2TI.1.16] May the Gods show mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, because he often refreshed me and was not ashamed of my chains. [§] may the Gods show mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, because he often refreshed me and was not ashamed of my chains The original verse is in Koine Greek. 'Theos' (Θεός) translates to 'God' or 'the Gods' depending on context. Here, with the verb for mercy, 'the Gods' seems more appropriate as it denotes an active showing of mercy. 'Kyrios' (κύριος) means 'my Lord'. 'Oikos' (οἶκος) means 'house' or 'family'. 'Onesiphoros' is a proper noun and translated as 'Onesiphorus'. 'Anepsuxen' (ἀνέψυξεν) means 'refreshed'. 'Halusin' (ἅλυσίν) means 'chains'. 'Epaischunthe' (ἐπαισχύνθη) means 'was ashamed'. The entire verse is a prayer for mercy towards Onesiphorus's family due to his kindness towards the speaker while the speaker was imprisoned. [2TI.1.17] But having become someone important in Rome, someone earnestly sought me and found me. [§] alla genomenos en Rome spoudaios ezetesen me kai heuren This verse is Greek, not a name of God. It means "But having become [someone] in Rome, [someone] earnestly sought me and found me.". It doesn't contain any names requiring translation based on the prompt's instructions regarding divine names. Therefore, a direct, literal translation is provided. [2TI.1.18] May Yahveh show mercy to him from my Lord in that day. And you know better how much he served in Ephesus. [§] may Yahveh show mercy to him from my Lord in that day. And however much he served in Ephesus, you know better. This verse references both Yahveh (YHVH) and Adonai (my Lord). The Greek uses terms roughly equivalent to ‘Lord’ in multiple instances. The verse expresses a hope for mercy from Yahveh, and acknowledges the recipient’s past service. Since the verse refers to two distinct divine entities, it is important to reflect that in the translation.

2TI.2

[2TI.2.1] Therefore you, child of mine, be strengthened in the grace that is in Christ Jesus. [§] soo oon, tek-non moo, en-doo-na-moo en tee kha-ree-tee tee en khree-stoh ee-ay-soo This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 2:1. It is an exhortation from Paul to Timothy. "soo oon" means "therefore you". "tek-non moo" is a term of endearment meaning "child of mine". "en-doo-na-moo" is an imperative meaning "be strengthened". "kha-ree-tee" means "grace". "en" means "in". "khree-stoh" is the name Christ. "ee-ay-soo" is the name Jesus. [2TI.2.2] And what you have heard from me through many witnesses, entrust to faithful people, who will be capable of teaching others as well. [§] kai ha akousas par' emou dia pollon marturon, tauta parathou pistois anthropois, hoinies hikanoi esontai kai heterous didaxai. This verse comes from 2 Timothy 2:2. It instructs Timothy to hold onto the trustworthy message he has heard from Paul, and to entrust it to faithful people who will be capable of teaching others. The verse uses "ha" as a relative pronoun (what/which), "par' emou" means "from me", "dia pollon marturon" means "through many witnesses", "parathou" means "entrust", "pistois anthropois" means "faithful people", "hoinies" means "who", "hikanoi esontai" means "will be capable" and "didaxai" means "to teach". [2TI.2.3] Suffer with, as a good soldier of Christ Jesus. [§] Sunkakopathēson hōs kalos stratiōtēs Christou Iēsou. This verse is from the Greek New Testament. "Sunkakopathēson" means "suffer with." "Hōs" means "as." "Kalos" means "good" or "beautiful." "Stratiōtēs" means "soldier." "Christou Iēsou" is the genitive case, meaning "of Christ Jesus". This verse encourages endurance and shared hardship as a follower of Christ Jesus. [2TI.2.4] No one engaged in military service becomes entangled with the affairs of life, that he may please the one who recruited him. [§] ou-deis strateuomenos em-ple-ke-tai tais tou biou pragmateias, hina to strateuologsanti aresei. This verse discusses someone engaged in military service and avoiding entanglement with civilian affairs in order to please their recruiting officer. 'Oudeis' means 'no one', 'strateuomenos' is someone engaged in military service, 'embleketai' means 'is entangled', 'tais tou biou' means 'with the things of life', 'pragmateias' are 'affairs', 'hina' means 'that', 'strateuologsanti' is the one who recruited, and 'aresei' means 'to please'. [2TI.2.5] If anyone also strives, they are not crowned if they do not compete lawfully. [§] ean de kai athlē tēs, ou stephanoutai ean mē nomimōs athlēsē This verse discusses athletic competition and the requirement of following the rules to receive a victor's crown. 'ean' introduces a conditional statement (if). 'de' functions as a conjunction (and, but). 'kai' means also or even. 'athlēs' relates to athletic contests. 'ou' is a negative particle (not). 'stephanoutai' means to be crowned. 'mē' is a negative particle used with the subjunctive mood. 'nomimōs' means lawfully, according to the rules. 'athlēsē' means to compete. [2TI.2.6] The one laboring as a farmer should first receive of the fruits. [§] ton kopionta georgoon dei protoon ton karpoon metalambanein This verse discusses the natural order of things – the one who labors in agriculture deserves to receive the first fruits of their labor. "ton" is a definite article, "kopionta" is a participle meaning "laboring," "georgoon" means "farmer," "dei" means "it is necessary" or "should," "protoon" means "first," "ton karpoon" means "the fruits," and "metalambanein" means "to receive a share of". [2TI.2.7] Understand what I say, for Yahveh will give you understanding in all things. [§] noi o lego; dosei gar soi ho kurios sunesin en pasin. This verse is from the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. "noi" is a verb meaning "to understand". "o lego" means "what I say". "dosei" means "will give". "gar" is a conjunction meaning "for". "soi" is a pronoun meaning "to you". "ho kurios" means "the Lord". "sunesin" means "understanding". "en pasin" means "in all things". [2TI.2.8] Remember Yeshua the Messiah, who was raised from the dead, from the seed of David, according to my good news. [§] Remember Yeshua the Messiah, raised from the dead, from the seed of David, according to my good news. This verse is a direct instruction to remember Yeshua, identified as the Messiah, and highlights two key aspects of his identity: his resurrection and his lineage from David. The phrase 'according to my good news' refers to the gospel message the speaker (Paul) proclaims. [2TI.2.9] In which I suffer hardship even to chains as an evildoer, but the word of God is not bound. [§] en hoo kakopatho mechri desmon hos kakourgos, all’ ho logos tou theou ou dedetai This verse is from the New Testament, 2 Timothy 2:9. It describes Paul’s suffering for the sake of the good news. 'En hoo' means 'in which' or 'in that.' 'Kakopatho' means 'I suffer hardship.' 'Mechri desmon' means 'even to chains.' 'Hos kakourgos' means 'as a wrongdoer' or 'as an evildoer.' 'All’' means 'but.' 'Ho logos tou theou' means 'the word of God.' 'Ou dedetai' means 'is not bound' or 'is not restrained.' The original text is Koine Greek. [2TI.2.10] Therefore, I endure all things because of the chosen ones, so that they themselves may also attain salvation that is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory. [§] dia touto panta hypomeno dia tous eklektous, hina kai autoi sotērias tychosin tēs en Christō Iēsou meta doxēs aiōniou. This verse, originally from the Greek New Testament, is discussing endurance for the sake of those who are chosen. It states that all things are endured because of the elect, so that they too may obtain salvation in Christ Jesus with eternal glory. Note that this verse is from the Greek, not the original Hebrew texts which contained the names of God. [2TI.2.11] The faithful word: for if we died together with, we will also live together with. [§] pistos ho logos; ei gar sunapethanomen, kai suzesomen; This verse is from the Greek text. "pistós" means faithful or trustworthy. "ho logos" means 'the word'. "ei gar" means 'for if'. "sunapethanomen" means 'we died together with'. "kai" means 'and'. "syzesomen" means 'we will live together with'. Therefore, the verse speaks of a connection between dying with and living with someone or something. [2TI.2.12] If we endure, then we will also reign with him. If we deny him, he will also deny us. [§] ei hypomenomen kai symbasileusomen ei arnesometha kai ekeinos arnesetai hemas This verse comes from 2 Timothy 2:12. The original verse is in Koine Greek. The verse speaks of enduring hardship with God and sharing in his kingdom, or denying him and being denied by him. The names of God are not present in this verse. [2TI.2.13] If we are unfaithful, that one remains faithful, for it is not possible for him to deny himself. [§] ei apistoumen, ekeinos pistos menei, arnesasthai gar heauton ou dunatai. This verse discusses the faithfulness of God even when humans are unfaithful. "ei" means "if", "apistoumen" means "we are faithless", "ekeinos" means "that one", "pistos" means "faithful", "menei" means "remains", "arnesasthai" means "to deny", "gar" means "for", "heauton" means "himself", "ou" means "not", and "dunatai" means "is able". The verse literally reads: "If we are faithless, that one remains faithful, for himself to deny he is not able." [2TI.2.14] Remember to testify before God, warning others not to engage in verbal disputes that serve no useful purpose, and only result in the ruin of those who hear. [§] Taüta hupomïmneske diamartüromenos enöpion tou theou më logömacheïn, ep’ oudën chrësimon, epï katastrofë tön akouöntön. This verse instructs someone to remind others, while testifying before God, to avoid pointless arguments that are destructive to those who listen. The original text uses 'theos', which means 'god' in the singular. 'Logomachein' refers to disputing or quarreling in words. 'Katastrophe' refers to a complete turn, or a destructive overturning. [2TI.2.15] Be diligent to present yourself approved to God, a worker not to be ashamed, correctly dividing the word of truth. [§] spoouda-son se-au-ton do-kee-mon pa-ra-stee-sai to the-o, er-ga-ten a-nep-ais-choon-ton, or-tho-to-moun-ta ton lo-gon tes a-lee-thei-as This verse is from the Greek translation of the Old Testament (the Septuagint). 'Theos' means 'God'. It instructs someone to present themselves approved to God, as a worker who doesn't need to be ashamed, correctly handling the word of truth. [2TI.2.16] And the profane empty pronouncements I will surround. For they will further advance impiety. [§] tas de bebēlous kenophōnias periistaso: epi pleion gar prokopsousin asebeias This verse comes from the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible), specifically from the Book of Isaiah. It speaks about empty pronouncements and their effect on impiety. "tas" is the definite article "the", referring to feminine plural nouns. "de" is "and". "bebelous" means "profane" or "desecrated". "kenophōnias" means "empty sounds" or "empty pronouncements". "periistaso" means "I will surround" or "I will stand around". "epi pleion" means "moreover" or "further". "gar" means "for" or "because". "prokopsousin" means "they will advance" or "they will promote". "asebeias" means "impiety" or "lack of reverence". [2TI.2.17] And their message will spread like gangrene, those being Hymenaios and Philetos. [§] kai ho logos autōn hōs gangraina nomēn hexei. hōn estin Hymenaios kai Philetos This verse is from the New Testament, 2 Timothy 2:17. It describes the speech of certain individuals as spreading like gangrene. 'Logos' refers to their teaching or message. 'Gangraina' means gangrene, a decaying of flesh. 'Nomēn' means pasture, but figuratively refers to spreading widely, like something growing in a pasture. 'Hexei' indicates a future spreading. The names Hymenaios and Philetos are identified as the speakers. [2TI.2.18] Those who concerning the truth missed, saying the resurrection already has happened, and are overturning the faith of some. [§] hoi ti nes peri ten aleetheian astocheesan, legontes [ten] anastasin eede gegonenai, kai anatrepousin ten tinon pistin. This verse discusses those who have missed the truth, claiming that the resurrection has already happened, and are overturning the faith of some. Each word is translated as closely to its literal meaning as possible, without relying on theological interpretation or traditional renderings. The verse is from 2 Timothy 2:18. [2TI.2.19] But the firm foundation of God stands, having this seal: Yahveh knows those who are His, and: let everyone who names the name of my Lord depart from injustice. [§] ho men toi stereos themelios tou theou hesteken, echon ten sphragida tauten; egnō kurios tous ontas autou, kai; apostētō apo adikia pas ho onomazōn to onoma kuriou. This verse comes from 2 Timothy 2:19. It speaks of the firm foundation of God and a call for those who name the name of the Lord to depart from injustice. The verse utilizes several terms for God, most notably 'theos' and 'kurios'. 'Theos' is a general term for 'god' or 'a god', while 'kurios' signifies 'lord'. The verse also references those who 'are His', signifying those who belong to God. [2TI.2.20] Now in a great house there are not only utensils of gold and silver, but also of wood and pottery, and some are for honor while others are for dishonor. [§] En megalē de oikia ouk estin monon skeuē chrusa kai argyra alla kai xylina kai ostrakina, kai ha men eis timēn ha de eis atimian. This verse, from 2 Timothy 2:20, describes the contents of a large house. It states that a great house does not only contain golden and silver utensils, but also wooden and earthen ones. Some are for honor, and some are for dishonor. It's an analogy for a household of faith – some are honorable, and some are dishonorable, but all are part of the same family. [2TI.2.21] If anyone purifies himself from these things, he will be a vessel for honor, having been sanctified, useful to the master, prepared for every good work. [§] ean oun tis ekkatharei heauton apo touton, estai skeuos eis timen, hegiashmenon, euchreston to despotai, eis pan ergon agathon hetoimasmenon. This verse discusses purification and becoming a vessel for honorable use. 'ean' means 'if'. 'tis' means 'someone'. 'ekkatharei' means 'purifies'. 'heauton' means 'himself'. 'apo' means 'from'. 'touton' means 'these things'. 'estai' means 'will be'. 'skeuos' means 'vessel'. 'eis timen' means 'for honor'. 'hegiashmenon' means 'sanctified'. 'euchreston' means 'useful'. 'to despotai' means 'to the master'. 'eis pan ergon agathon' means 'for every good work'. 'hetoimasmenon' means 'prepared'. [2TI.2.22] Flee the new desires, but pursue righteousness, faith, love, peace, with those who call upon my Lord from a pure heart. [§] Tas de neoterikas epithumias pheuge, dioke de dikaiosunen pistin agapen eirenen meta ton epikaloumenon ton kurion ek katharas kardias. This verse comes from the Septuagint, the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. It instructs the reader to flee youthful desires and instead pursue righteousness, faith, love, peace, and fellowship with those who call upon the Lord from a pure heart. The Greek words themselves are fairly straightforward, but understanding the context of the original Hebrew is important to convey a proper translation. [2TI.2.23] And you will seek to distance yourself from the foolish and untaught, knowing that they produce conflicts. [§] tas de moras kai apaideutous zeteises paraitou, eidōs hoti gennōsin machas This verse is from the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament), specifically from the book of Proverbs. It instructs one to avoid associating with foolish and ignorant individuals, recognizing that their actions will inevitably lead to conflict. The words are direct translations from the Hebrew. [2TI.2.24] However, a servant of my Lord does not need to fight, but rather be gentle toward everyone, instructive, and not retaliatory. [§] doo-lon deh koo-ree-oo oo deh-ee ma-khay-sthai al-lah eh-pee-on ee-nai pros pan-tas, dee-dak-tee-kon, an-ex-ee-kak-on This verse discusses the proper behavior of a servant of the Lord. 'Doulos' means servant, 'kyrios' means Lord, 'dei' means it is necessary, 'machesthai' means to fight, 'epieinai' means to be gentle, 'pros pantas' means toward everyone, 'didaktikon' means instructive, and 'anexikakon' means not retaliatory. [2TI.2.25] In gentleness, instructing those who are opposing, lest the God should give to them repentance into a knowledge of truth. [§] en prauteti paideuonta tous antidiatiothemenous, mipote doe autois ho theos metanoian eis epignosin aletheias This verse speaks of gently instructing those who are opposed, with the hope that God might grant them repentance leading to a knowledge of truth. The verse uses 'prautetis' which can mean meekness or gentleness. 'Antidiatiothemenous' refers to those who are set against or oppose. 'Metanoia' is a change of mind, repentance. 'Epignosis' is a full, accurate knowledge. [2TI.2.26] And may they be refreshed from the trap of the devil, having been roused by him into his will. [§] kai ananēpsosin ek tēs tou diaboulou pagidos, ezogrēmenoi hup’ autou eis to ekeinou thēlima. This verse describes being refreshed from the trap of the devil, having been roused by him for his will. 'ananēpsosin' is a verb meaning to refresh or revive. 'diabolou' is the genitive form of 'diabolos,' meaning the devil. 'pagidos' is a trap or snare. 'ezogrēmenoi' is a perfect passive participle, meaning having been roused or awakened. 'hup’ autou' means by him. 'eis to ekeinou thēlima' means into his will.

2TI.3

[2TI.3.1] And know this, that in the last days, times difficult will stand. [§] Too-toh deh yee-nos-keh, ho-tee en es-ha-tais heh-mer-ais en-stee-son-tai kai-roi ha-leh-poi This verse originates from the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. The phrasing is complex. "Too-toh" means "this". "Deh" is a particle used to call attention. "Yee-nos-keh" means "you will know". "En" means "in". "Es-ha-tais" means "last". "Heh-mer-ais" means "days". "En-stee-son-tai" means "will come". "Kai-roi" means "times". "Ha-leh-poi" means "difficult". Therefore, it speaks of recognizing that difficult times will come in the last days. [2TI.3.2] For people will be self-loving, money-loving, boastful, arrogant, blasphemous, disobedient to parents, unthankful, and unholy. [§] esontai gar hoi anthropoi philautoi philargyroi alazonés hyperéphanoi blasphémoi goneusin apeitheis acharistoí anósioi This verse describes the character of people in the last days. Each adjective describes a negative trait. ‘Philautoi’ means self-loving, ‘philargyroi’ means money-loving, ‘alazonés’ means boastful, ‘hyperéphanoi’ means arrogant, ‘blasphémoi’ means blasphemous, ‘goneusin apeitheis’ means disobedient to parents, ‘acharistoí’ means unthankful, and ‘anósioi’ means unholy or impious. [2TI.3.3] Without natural affection, without agreements, slanderous, lacking self-control, untamed, and not loving those who are good. [§] astorgoy aspondonoy diaboly akrateys anemeroy aphilagathoy This verse lists a series of adjectives describing the character of people in the last days. "Astorgoy" means without natural affection, or lacking family love. "Aspondonoy" means without agreements or treaties, untrustworthy. "Diaboly" comes from the root word for devil, meaning slanderous or accusing. "Akrateys" means self-controlled, but in the negative, implying lacking self-control. "Anemeroy" signifies untamed or wild. "Aphilagathoy" means not loving good people, or unkind. [2TI.3.4] The betrayers are swift to be blinded, more lovers of pleasure than lovers of God. [§] prodotai propeteis tetufomenoi, philedonoi mallon e philotheoi This verse is from the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. It describes people who are betrayers, swift to do evil, and more lovers of pleasure than lovers of God. The words used are descriptive and judgmental. 'Prodotai' means betrayers. 'Propeteis' describes someone acting quickly or swiftly, often with a negative connotation. 'Tetufomenoi' implies being blinded or deceived. 'Philedonoi' means lovers of pleasure. 'Philotheoi' means lovers of God. [2TI.3.5] Having the form of godliness, but having denied the power belonging to it, turn away from these people. [§] eh-khon-tes mor-fo-sin eu-se-bi-as teen deh doo-na-min au-tees ee-ray-may-noi kai toots ah-po-tre-poo This verse describes people who possess the appearance of godliness, but deny the power of it. It instructs to turn away from these individuals. The original Greek words 'morphesis' refers to an outward form or appearance, while 'dunamis' signifies inherent power or ability. The 'autos' refers to 'themselves' as in the power belonging to them. [2TI.3.6] For from these things are those entering into the houses and captivating young women, burdened with sins, being led by various desires. [§] Ek touton gar eisin hoi endynontes eis tas oikias kai aichmalotizontes gynaikaria sesoreumena hamartiais, agomena epithymiais poikilaias. This verse describes people entering homes and taking captive young women, who are burdened with sins and led by various desires. 'Ek touton' means 'from these things'. 'Gar' means 'for'. 'Eisin' means 'are'. 'Hoi endynontes' means 'those entering'. 'Eis tas oikias' means 'into the houses'. 'Kai' means 'and'. 'Aichmalotizontes' means 'captivating'. 'Gynaikaria' means 'young women'. 'Sesoreumena' means 'heaped up, burdened'. 'Hamartiais' means 'with sins'. 'Agomena' means 'being led'. 'Epithymiais poikilaias' means 'by various desires'. [2TI.3.7] They are always learning, and never able to come to a knowledge of truth. [§] pan-tot-eh man-than-on-ta kai me-deh-pot-eh eis ep-ig-no-sin a-lee-thei-as el-thein du-na-men-a This verse describes someone who is always learning but never able to come to a true knowledge of truth. "pantohte" means 'always', "manthanonta" means 'learning', "kai" means 'and', "me-deh-pot-eh" means 'never', "eis" means 'into', "epignosin" means 'knowledge', "aletheias" means 'truth', and "elthein" means 'to come'. "dunamena" is a participle meaning 'being able'. Therefore, we are describing someone 'always learning and never being able to come into knowledge of truth'. [2TI.3.8] Just as Iannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth. These people are corrupted in their thinking and are disapproved concerning the faith. [§] hon tropon de Iannes kai Iambres antestēsan Mōusei, houtōs kai houtoi ant histantai tē alētheia, anthrōpoi katephtharmenoi ton noun, adokimoi peri ten pistin. This verse draws a parallel between the resistance of Iannes and Jambres to Moses and the resistance of certain individuals to truth. It describes these individuals as people whose minds have been corrupted and who are disapproved in faith. The verse is from 2 Timothy 3:8. [2TI.3.9] But they will not advance further, for their foolishness will become obvious to all, as the foolishness of those people also became. [§] all’ ou prokopousin epi pleion; he gar anoia autōn ekdēlos estai pasin, hōs kai hē ekeinōn egeneto. This verse is from the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. It discusses a lack of progress and the obviousness of foolishness. "all’" is a contraction of "alla" meaning but. "ou" is not. "prokopousin" means to advance or make progress. "epi pleion" means further. "he gar" means for. "anoia" means foolishness or lack of understanding. "autōn" means their. "ekdēlos" means manifest, obvious, or evident. "estai" is a future form of 'to be'. "pasin" means to all. "hōs kai" means as also. "hē" is the definite article 'the'. "ekeinōn" means of those. "egeneto" means it became or happened. [2TI.3.10] And you have followed me in the teaching, the manner of life, the purpose, the faith, the patience, the love, the endurance. [§] soo deh parehkoloo-thee-sas moo tay dee-dahs-kah-lee-ay, tay ah-go-gay, tay pro-theh-see, tay pees-tay, tay mah-kroh-thoo-mee-ah, tay ah-gah-pay, tay hoo-po-mo-nay This verse describes someone who has closely followed another’s teaching, manner of life, purpose, faith, patience, love, and endurance. Each noun is preceded by 'tay' which is the definite article 'the'. [2TI.3.11] Concerning the persecutions, concerning the sufferings, such as happened to me in Antioch, in Iconium, in Lystra, such persecutions I endured, and the Lord rescued me from all of them. [§] tois diogmois, tois pathemasin, hoia moi egeneto en Antiocheia, en Ikonio, en Lystrois, hoious diogmous hupenehka kai ek panton me errysatō ho kyrios. This verse, originating from the New Testament, describes the persecutions and sufferings experienced by the speaker. It recounts these trials occurred in Antioch, Iconium, and Lystra. The speaker states that they endured these persecutions and that the Lord rescued them from all of them. 'Kyrios' refers to the Lord, often used as a respectful title or to refer to God. [2TI.3.12] And all those desiring to live piously in the Messiah Jesus will be persecuted. [§] kai pantes de hoi thelontes eusebos zen en Christo Iesou diokhthesontai This verse speaks of all those who desire to live piously within the Messiah Jesus experiencing persecution. 'Kai' is 'and'. 'Pantes' means 'all'. 'De' is a particle with various functions, here indicating emphasis. 'Hoi' is the definite article 'the' for plural nouns. 'Thelontes' is the present participle of 'thelo' meaning 'desiring' or 'willing'. 'Eusebos' means 'pious' or 'devout'. 'Zen' is the present active infinitive of 'zao', meaning 'to live'. 'En' means 'in'. 'Christo Iesou' is 'the Messiah Jesus'. 'Diokhthesontai' is a future passive indicative verb meaning 'they will be persecuted'. [2TI.3.13] And wicked people and sorcerers will progress towards the worse, deceiving and being deceived. [§] poneroi de anthropoi kai goetes prokopousin epi to cheiroteron planontes kai planomenoi. This verse describes wicked people and sorcerers progressing to worse states, both deceiving and being deceived. "poneroi" means wicked or evil. "anthropoi" means people. "goetes" means sorcerers or those who practice magic. "prokopousin" means they progress or advance. "epi to cheiroteron" means toward the worse. "planontes" means deceiving. "planomenoi" means being deceived. [2TI.3.14] You, however, remain in the things that you learned and were assured of, knowing from whom you learned them. [§] soo deh mene en hois emathes kai epistothis, eidōs para tinōn emathes This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 3:14. It urges Timothy to continue in the things he has learned and been assured of, knowing from whom he learned them. The original language is Koine Greek. The verse includes pronouns, verbs indicating continuation and knowledge, and prepositions specifying the source of learning. [2TI.3.15] And that from infancy you have known the holy writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through the faith that is in Christ Jesus. [§] kai hoti apo brephous ta hiera grammata oidas, ta dynamena se sophisai eis soteria dia pisteos tes en Christo Iesou. This verse is from the Koine Greek text of 2 Timothy 3:15. It speaks of knowing the holy writings from infancy, which are able to make one wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. The names 'Christ' and 'Jesus' are left as they are as they are titles and names, not divine titles. [2TI.3.16] All scripture is God-breathed and beneficial for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for education in righteousness. [§] pasah graphay theopneustos kai ophelimos pros didaskalian, pros elegmon, pros epanorthosin, pros paideian ten en dikaiosuneh This verse discusses the nature of scripture. 'Pasah graphay' means 'all scripture'. 'Theopneustos' means 'God-breathed', or divinely inspired. 'Ophelimos' means 'beneficial' or 'profitable'. The following phrases describe the purpose of scripture: 'pros didaskalian' means 'for teaching', 'pros elegmon' means 'for reproof', 'pros epanorthosin' means 'for correction', and 'pros paideian' means 'for education'. 'Ten en dikaiosuneh' specifies that this education is 'in righteousness'. [2TI.3.17] So that the person of the God may be complete, furnished for every good work. [§] hina artios hay ho tou theou anthropos, pros pan ergon agathon exertismenous. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 3:17. It describes the qualities of a person of God, fully equipped for every good work. "artios" means complete, perfect, or well-equipped. "tou theou" means "of the God". "anthropos" means man or person. "exertismenous" means equipped or furnished.

2TI.4

[2TI.4.1] I solemnly declare before God and Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and his appearing and his kingdom. [§] Dee-ah-mar-too-rom-ay en-op-ee-on too the-oo and Christ-os ee-ay-soos too mel-lon-tos kree-neen zo-on-tas kai nek-roos, kai teen ep-ee-fan-ee-an af-too kai teen bas-ee-lay-an af-too. This verse is a declaration made before God and Christ Jesus, who is to judge both the living and the dead. It speaks of the appearing and the kingdom of this figure. [2TI.4.2] Proclaim the message. Urge it at opportune times and inopportune times. Correct, rebuke, encourage, with all patience and teaching. [§] keruxon ton logon, epistehi eukairos akairos, elegxon, epitimeson, parakaleson, en pasei makrothumia kai didache This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 4:2. It instructs a preacher to proclaim the message, to urge it at the right time and the wrong time, to correct, to rebuke, to encourage, with all patience and teaching. The words themselves aren't names of God, but commands given as divine instruction. [2TI.4.3] For there will be a time when they will not tolerate the healthy teaching, but according to their own desires, they will accumulate teachers for themselves, becoming agitated for hearing. [§] Es-tai gar kai-ros ho-te tees hug-ee-a-noo-ses di-das-ka-lee-as ouk an-ex-on-tai al-la ka-ta tas ee-dee-as ep-ee-thu-mee-as heau-tois ep-ee-so-reu-sou-sin di-das-ka-lous kne-tho-men-oi teen a-ko-een This verse, originating from 2 Timothy 4:3, discusses a time when sound teaching will not be tolerated. Instead, people will accumulate teachers to suit their own desires, becoming restless for novel teachings. The verse implies a rejection of established doctrine and a preference for teachings that simply feel good. [2TI.4.4] And from the truth, they will turn away their hearing, but to the myths they will turn aside. [§] kai apo men tes aletheias ten akoen apostrepsousin, epi de tous mythous ektrapesontai This verse is from the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. It describes a turning away from truth and a turning towards myths. 'apo' means 'from', 'tes aletheias' is 'of the truth', 'ten akoen' is 'the hearing', 'apostrepsousin' is 'they will turn away', 'epi' means 'to', 'tous mythous' is 'the myths', and 'ektrapesontai' is 'they will turn aside'. [2TI.4.5] But you, be sensible in all things, endure hardship, do the work of an evangelist, and fully complete your ministry. [§] soo deh nephe en pasin, kakopathēson, ergon poiesōn euangelistou, tēn diakonian sou plērophorēson. This verse is from the Second Letter to Timothy, chapter 4, verse 5. It contains instructions from Paul to Timothy. The words refer to remaining sensible and disciplined in all things, enduring hardship, fulfilling the work of an evangelist, and fully completing one's ministry. The word 'sū' is a personal pronoun meaning 'you'. 'Nēphe' means 'be sober' or 'be sensible'. 'En pasin' means 'in all things'. 'Kakopathēson' means 'endure hardship' or 'suffer affliction'. 'Ergon poiesōn' means 'do the work'. 'Euangelistou' refers to an evangelist. 'Tēn diakonian sou plērophorēson' means 'fully complete your ministry'. [2TI.4.6] For I am already being poured out, and the time of my release is at hand. [§] Ego gar ede spendomai, kai ho kairos tes analuseos mou ephesteken. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 4:6. The speaker, Paul, is describing his imminent death. "Ego" means "I". "Gar" is a connective particle meaning "for" or "indeed". "Ede" means "already". "Spendomai" means "I am being poured out" or "I am spent". "Kai" means "and". "Ho kairos" means "the time". "Tes analuseos mou" means "of my release" or "of my untying". "Ephesteken" means "has approached" or "is at hand". [2TI.4.7] I have striven the good struggle, I have completed the race, I have kept the faith. [§] ton kalon agona egonisma, ton dromon tetelka, ten pistin tetereka. This verse comes from the Greek New Testament. 'ton kalon agona' translates to 'the good struggle'. 'egonismai' means 'I have striven'. 'ton dromon' means 'the race'. 'tetelka' means 'I have completed'. 'ten pistin' means 'the faith'. 'tetereka' means 'I have kept'. The verse speaks of a completed struggle, race, and keeping of faith. [2TI.4.8] Therefore, a crown of righteousness is reserved for me, which the Lord will give to me in that day, the righteous judge, not only to me, but also to all who have loved the appearance of him. [§] loipon apokeitai moi ho tes dikaiosunes stephanos, hon apodosei moi ho kyrios en ekeinei te hemēra, ho dikaios kritēs, ou monon de emoi alla kai pasin tois ēgapēkosin tēn epiphaneian autou. This verse discusses a crown of righteousness that awaits those who have loved the appearance (manifestation) of the Lord. 'Loipon' means 'from now on' or 'therefore'. 'Apokeitai' signifies 'is laid up' or 'is reserved'. 'Dikaiosunes' refers to righteousness. 'Stephanos' is a crown. 'Kyrios' means 'Lord'. 'Hemēra' is 'day'. 'Dikaios kritēs' means 'righteous judge'. 'Pasin' means 'all'. 'Ēgapēkosin' means 'have loved'. 'Epiphaneian' refers to appearance or manifestation. 'Autou' means 'of him'. [2TI.4.9] Be diligent to come to me quickly. [§] Spoudason elthein pros me tacheos This verse is from the Christian New Testament. "Spoudason" is an imperative verb meaning "make haste" or "be diligent". "Elthein" is an infinitive meaning "to come". "Pros me" means "to me". "Tacheos" is an adverb meaning "quickly". [2TI.4.10] For Deemas has forsaken me, having loved the present age, and he departed to Thessalonica. Cresces has gone into Galatia, Titus into Dalmatia. [§] Deemas gar me egkatelipen agapasas ton nun aiona kai eporeuthe eis Thessaloniken, Kreskes eis Galatian, Titos eis Dalmatian. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 4:10. It details Paul's disappointment that certain companions have left him. "Deemas" is a proper name. "gar" means "for". "me" means "me". "egkatelipen" means "he has forsaken". "agapasas" means "having loved". "ton nun aiona" means "the present age". "kai" means "and". "eporeuthe" means "he departed". "eis" is a preposition meaning "to" or "into". "Thessaloniken" is a location, Thessalonica. "Kreskes" is a proper name. "Galatian" refers to Galatia. "Titos" is a proper name. "Dalmatian" refers to Dalmatia. [2TI.4.11] Luke is alone with me. Taking Mark, bring him with you, for he is helpful to me in service. [§] Loukas estin monos met’ emou. Markon analabon age meta seautou, estin gar moi euchrestos eis diakonian. This verse is from the Gospel of Luke, specifically Luke 9:58. It describes Jesus speaking about Luke and Mark. Loukas (Luke) is stated to be the only one with him. Mark is to be taken and brought with him, because he is useful for service. This translation will adhere to a literal naming convention of God, avoiding tradition. Since this verse doesn’t mention God, the translation will proceed as a normal sentence. [2TI.4.12] And I sent Tychicus to Ephesus. [§] Tuchikon de apesteila eis Ephesos This verse is from the New Testament, specifically from the letter to Titus (Titus 3:12). It states that Paul sent Tychicus to Ephesus. The verse uses standard Koine Greek grammatical structures. 'Tuchikos' is a proper noun, a man's name. 'De' is a coordinating conjunction, meaning 'and' or 'but'. 'Apesteila' is the aorist active indicative third person singular of the verb 'apostello', meaning 'I send' or 'I sent'. 'Eis' is a preposition meaning 'to' or 'into'. 'Ephesos' is a proper noun, the name of a city. [2TI.4.13] Bring the one named Phailon, whom you left in Troy near Karpus, as you come. Also bring the books, especially the scrolls. [§] ton phailonen hon apelipon en Troiadi para Karpōi erchomenos phere, kai ta biblia malista tas membranas. This verse is from a non-Biblical source (likely a letter requesting someone to retrieve items left behind). It asks for someone to bring a certain person, 'Phailon,' who was left in Troy near Karpus, and also to bring books, especially the scrolls/membranes. There are no divine names present in this verse; it is a secular request. [2TI.4.14] Alexander the coppersmith showed many evils towards me. My Lord will repay him according to his deeds. [§] Alexander the coppersmith did many evils to me. My Lord will repay to him according to his works. This verse references Alexander, a coppersmith who wronged the speaker. It then states that 'my Lord' will deliver justice according to Alexander's actions. The name 'Kyrios' is used here, which means 'my Lord'. [2TI.4.15] Whom you must guard yourself against, for they greatly opposed our words. [§] hon kai su phulassou, lian gar anteste tois hemeterois logois This verse is from 2 Peter 2:2, but it is in the original Koine Greek. It refers to false teachers who will bring destructive heresies. 'Hon' is a relative pronoun meaning 'whom'. 'Kai' means 'and'. 'Su' means 'you'. 'Phulassou' means 'guard yourself'. 'Lian' means 'greatly' or 'very'. 'Gar' means 'for'. 'Anteste' means 'opposed themselves'. 'Tois hemeterois' means 'to our'. 'Logois' means 'words'. [2TI.4.16] In my first defense, no one stood with me; rather, all abandoned me. Let it not be held against them. [§] En tay protay moo apologeeah, oodeis moi paregeneto, alla pantes me engatelipon. Mee autois logistheea. This verse comes from a non-Biblical source, specifically 2 Timothy 4:16. It details Paul's feeling of abandonment during his first defense. The words 'Ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ μου ἀπολογίᾳ' mean 'in my first defense'. 'οὐδείς μοι παρεγένετο' translates to 'no one came to my aid.' 'ἀλλὰ πάντες με ἐγκατέλιπον' means 'but all forsook me.' 'μὴ αὐτοῖς λογισθείη' translates to 'may it not be counted against them'. [2TI.4.17] And my Lord stood by me and strengthened me, so that through me the proclamation might be fully carried out, and all the nations might hear, and I was rescued from the mouth of a lion. [§] ho de kurios moi pareste kai enedunamosen me, hina di’ emou to kerugma plerophorethei kai akousosin panta ta ethne, kai errusēn ek stomatos leontos. This verse comes from the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. "ho de kurios" means "and the Lord". "moi pareste" means "stood by me". "kai enedunamosen me" means "and strengthened me". "hina di’ emou" means "so that through me". "to kerugma plerophorethei" means "the proclamation might be fully carried out". "kai akousosin panta ta ethne" means "and all the nations might hear". "kai errusēn ek stomatos leontos" means "and I was rescued from the mouth of the lion". 'Kurios' is the Greek equivalent of 'Adonai'. [2TI.4.18] Yahveh will rescue me from all evil work and will save me into His heavenly kingdom, to whom is the glory for ages of ages. Amen. [§] roo-seh-tai meh ho koo-ree-os ah-po pan-tos er-goo po-neh-roo kai so-sei eis ten bah-see-lay-ahn au-too ten eh-poo-rah-nee-on hee hee dox-ah eis toos ai-ohn-as ton ai-ohn-on ah-meen. This verse is in Koine Greek. "ῥύσεταί με" means "will rescue me". "ὁ κύριος" refers to the Lord. "ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔργου πονηροῦ" translates to "from all evil work". "καὶ σώσει" means "and will save". "εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον" means "into His heavenly kingdom". "ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων" means "to whom is the glory for ages of ages". "ἀμήν" means "amen". [2TI.4.19] Greet Priscilla and Aquila and the house of Onesiphorus. [§] Aspasai Priskan kai Akulan kai ton Onesiphorou oikon. This verse is in Koine Greek. "Aspasai" is a command form meaning "Greet". "Priskan" and "Akulan" are proper nouns, likely names of people. "kai" means "and". "ton Onesiphorou oikon" means "the house of Onesiphorus". Therefore, the verse instructs someone to greet Priscilla, Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus. [2TI.4.20] Erastus remained in Corinth, but I left Trophimus in Miletus, being unwell. [§] Eras-tos em-ei-nen en Korin-thoo, Tro-phi-mon de a-pe-li-pon en Mi-le-too as-the-nous-an-ta. This verse comes from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 4:20. It describes the whereabouts of two individuals, Erastus and Trophimus, relative to Paul the Apostle. "Erastus" and "Trophimus" are proper names. "emeinen" means 'remained'. "apelipon" means 'I left'. "asthenounta" means 'being ill'. The verse states that Erastus stayed in Corinth, while Paul left Trophimus in Miletus because he was sick. [2TI.4.21] Make every effort to come before winter. Eu-bou-los greets you, and Poo-dees, and Lee-nos, and Klau-dee-ah, and all the brothers. [§] Spoo-dah-son pro hay-moh-nos el-theen. Ah-spa-zeh-tie seh Yoo-boo-los kai Poo-dees kai Lee-nos kai Klau-dee-ah kai hoi ah-del-foi pan-tes. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically 2 Timothy 4:21. The original is in Koine Greek. 'Σπούδασον' means 'endeavor' or 'make every effort'. 'πρὸ χειμῶνος' means 'before winter'. 'ἐλθεῖν' means 'to come'. 'Ἀσπάζεταί σε' means 'greets you'. 'Εὔβουλος', 'Πούδης', 'Λίνος', 'Κλαυδία' are proper names. 'οἱ ἀδελφοὶ πάντες' means 'all the brothers'. [2TI.4.22] The Lord is with your spirit. Grace is with you all. [§] ho kurios meta tou pneumatos sou. he charis meth' humon. This verse is from the New Testament, specifically Luke 2:4. It appears to be a quote from the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible). "Kurios" is a title meaning "Lord." "Pneuma" means "spirit" or "breath." "Charis" means "grace" or "favor." "Humon" means "with you" (plural). The phrase "meth' humon" is a shortened form of "meta humon".